An Anarchist FAQ — Section H Contents Section H: Why do anarchists oppose state socialism? 4 H.1 Have anarchists always opposed state socialism? 11 H.1.1 What was Bakunin's critique of Marxism? ..................... 15 H.1.2 What are the key differences between anarchists and Marxists? . 27 H.1.3 Why do anarchists wish to abolish the state "overnight"? . 33 H.1.4 Do anarchists have "absolutely no idea" of what to put in place of the state? . 36 H.1.5 Why do anarchists reject "utilising the present state"? . 40 H.1.6 Why do anarchists try to "build the new world in the shell of the old"? . 45 H.1.7 Haven't you read Lenin's "State and Revolution"? . 50 H.2 What parts of anarchism do Marxists particularly misrepresent? 59 H.2.1 Do anarchists reject defending a revolution? .................... 64 H.2.2 Do anarchists reject "class conflict" and "collective struggle"? . 71 H.2.3 Does anarchism yearn "for what has gone before"? . 77 H.2.4 Do anarchists think "the state is the main enemy"? . 82 H.2.5 Do anarchists think "full blown" socialism will be created overnight? . 87 H.2.6 How do Marxists misrepresent anarchist ideas on mutual aid? . 90 H.2.7 Who do anarchists see as their "agents of social change"? . 94 H.2.8 What is the relationship of anarchism to syndicalism? . 100 H.2.9 Do anarchists have "liberal" politics? . 104 H.2.10 Are anarchists against leadership? . 107 H.2.11 Are anarchists "anti-democratic"? . 111 H.2.12 Does anarchism survive only in the absence of a strong workers' movement? . 120 H.2.13 Do anarchists reject "political" struggles and action? . 127 H.2.14 Are anarchist organisations "ineffective," "elitist" or "downright bizarre"? . 129 H.3 What are the myths of state socialism? 136 H.3.1 Do anarchists and Marxists want the same thing? . 139 H.3.2 Is Marxism "socialism from below"? . 147 H.3.3 Is Leninism "socialism from below"? . 153 H.3.4 Don't anarchists just quote Marxists selectively? . 158 H.3.5 Has Marxist appropriation of anarchist ideas changed it? . 161 H.3.6 Is Marxism the only revolutionary politics which have worked? . 168 H.3.7 What is wrong with the Marxist theory of the state? . 170 H.3.8 What is wrong with the Leninist theory of the state? . 180 H.3.9 Is the state simply an agent of economic power? . 188 H.3.10 Has Marxism always supported the idea of workers' councils? . 198 2 H.3.11 Does Marxism aim to give power to workers' organisations? . 212 H.3.12 Is Big Business the precondition for socialism? . 217 H.3.13 Why is state socialism just state capitalism? . 226 H.3.14 Don't Marxists believe in workers' control? . 234 H.4 Didn’t Engels refute anarchism in ”On Authority” ? 241 H.4.1 Does organisation imply the end of liberty? . 245 H.4.2 Does free love show the weakness of Engels' argument? . 247 H.4.3 How do anarchists propose to run a factory? . 249 H.4.4 How does the class struggle refute Engels' arguments? . 250 H.4.5 Is the way industry operates "independent of all social organisation"? . 253 H.4.6 Why does Engels' "On Authority" harm Marxism? . 257 H.4.7 Is revolution "the most authoritarian thing there is"? . 259 H.5 What is vanguardism and why do anarchists reject it? 262 H.5.1 Why are vanguard parties anti-socialist? . 264 H.5.2 Have vanguardist assumptions been validated? . 268 H.5.3 Why does vanguardism imply party power? . 270 H.5.4 Did Lenin abandon vanguardism? . 274 H.5.5 What is "democratic centralism"? . 280 H.5.6 Why do anarchists oppose "democratic centralism"? . 282 H.5.7 Is the way revolutionaries organise important? . 285 H.5.8 Are vanguard parties effective? . 286 H.5.9 What are vanguard parties effective at? . 289 H.5.10 Why does "democratic centralism" produce "bureaucratic centralism"? . 290 H.5.11 Can you provide an example of the negative nature of vanguard parties? . 294 H.5.12 Surely the Russian Revolution proves that vanguard parties work? . 297 H.6 Why did the Russian Revolution fail? 307 H.6.1 Can objective factors explain the failure of the Russian Revolution? . 312 H.6.2 Did Bolshevik ideology influence the outcome of the Russian Revolution? . 320 H.6.3 Were the Russian workers "declassed" and "atomised"? . 333 3 Section H: Why do anarchists oppose state socialism? The socialist movement has been continually divided, with various different tendencies and movements. The main tendencies of socialism are state socialism (Social Democracy, Leninism, Maoism and so on) and libertarian socialism (anarchism mostly, but also libertarian Marxists and others). The conflict and disagreement between anarchists and Marxists is legendary. As Benjamin Tucker noted: "it is a curious fact that the two extremes of the [socialist movement] . though united . by the common claim that labour should be put in possession of its own, are more diametrically opposed to each other in their fundamental principles of social action and their methods of reaching the ends aimed at than either is to their common enemy, existing society. They are based on two principles the history of whose conflict isalmost equivalent to the history of the world since man came into it . "The two principles referred to are AUTHORITY and LIBERTY, and the names ofthetwo schools of Socialistic thought which fully and unreservedly represent one or the other are, respectively, State Socialism and Anarchism. Whoso knows what these two schools want and how they propose to get it understands the Socialistic movement. For, just as it has been said that there is no half-way house between Rome and Reason, so it may be said that there is no half-way house between State Socialism and Anarchism." [The Individualist Anarchists, pp. 78-9] In addition to this divide between libertarian and authoritarian forms of socialism, there is an- other divide between reformist and revolutionary wings of these two tendencies. "The term 'anar- chist,'" Murray Bookchin wrote, "is a generic word like the term 'socialist,' and there are probably as many different kinds of anarchists are there are socialists. In both cases, the spectrum rangesfrom individuals whose views derive from an extension of liberalism (the 'individualist anarchists', the social-democrats) to revolutionary communists (the anarcho-communists, the revolutionary Marx- ists, Leninists and Trotskyites)." [Post-Scarcity Anarchism, p. 138f] In this section of the FAQ we concentrate on the conflict between the revolutionary wings of both movements. Here we discuss why communist-anarchists, anarcho-syndicalists and other revolutionary anarchists reject Marxist theories, particularly the ideas of Leninists and Trot- skyites. We will concentrate almost entirely on the works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Trotsky as well as the Russian Revolution. This is because many Marxists reject the Chinese, Cuban and other revolutions as being infected from the start by Stalinism. In contrast, there is a general agreement in Marxist circles that the Russian Revolution was a true socialist revolution and the ideas of Lenin (and usually Trotsky) follow in Marx's footsteps. What we say against Marx and Lenin is also applicable to their more controversial followers and, therefore, we ignore them. We also dismiss out of hand any suggestion that the Stalinist regime was remotely socialist. Unfortu- nately many serious revolutionaries consider Lenin's regime to be an example of a valid socialist revolution so we have to discuss why it was not. As noted, two main wings of the revolutionary socialist movement, anarchism and Marxism, have always been in conflict. While, with the apparent success of the Russian revolution, the anarchist movement was overshadowed by Leninism in many countries, this situation has been changing. In recent years anarchism has seen a revival as more and more people recognise the fundamentally anti-socialist nature of the Russian "experiment" and the politics that inspired it. With this re-evaluation of socialism and the Soviet Union, more and more people are rejecting 5 Marxism and embracing libertarian socialism. As can be seen from the press coverage from such events as the anti-Poll Tax riots in the UK at the start of the 1990s, the London J18 and N30 demonstrations in 1999 as well as those in Prague, Quebec, Genoa and Gothenburg anarchism has become synonymous with anti-capitalism. Needless to say, when anarchists re-appear in the media and news bulletins the self-proclaimed "vanguard(s) of the proletariat" become worried and hurriedly write patronising articles on "an- archism" (without bothering to really understand it or its arguments against Marxism). These articles are usually a mishmash of lies, irrelevant personal attacks, distortions of the anarchist position and the ridiculous assumption that anarchists are anarchists because no one has both- ered to inform of us of what "Marxism" is "really" about. We do not aim to repeat such "scientific" analysis in our FAQ so we shall concentrate on politics and history. By so doing we will indicate that anarchists are anarchists because we understand Marxism and reject it as being unable to lead to a socialist society. It is unfortunately common for many Marxists, particularly Leninist influenced ones, to con- centrate on personalities and not politics when discussing anarchist ideas. In other words, they attack anarchists rather than present a critique of anarchism. This can be seen, for example, when many Leninists attempt to "refute" the whole of anarchism, its theory and history, by point- ing out the personal failings of specific anarchists.