CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF THE ARMY SUB-INSTALLATIONS ON THE ISLAND OF O`AHU ANNUAL REPORT [June 2005 – May 2007] Prepared for: the U. S. Army Garrison-Hawaii Directorate of Public Works Environmental Division Prepared by: Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i Building 105, Wheeler Army Air Field Schofield Barracks, Hawai`i 96857-5013 Produced by: The Cultural Resource Management Section, Environmental Division, of the Directorate of Public Works, Building 105, Wheeler Army Airfield, Schofield Barracks, HI 96857-5013. David Cox, Carly Antone, Laura Gilda, Jill Sommer, Jaime Raduenzel, Moana Lee, Carly Anton and Alton Exzabe, (with Dr. Laurie Lucking, Garrison Cultural Resources Manager, and Dr. David Duffy, Co-Principal Investigators) Under Contract with: The Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i- Manoa. Based on Scope of Work as outlined in: ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAM at Various Army Training Areas, island of O`ahu (as revised 8 June 1998). For a Contract titled: “Research on Cultural Landscapes of Various Military Lands on O`ahu.” Project Number: 654216 20 September 2010 ii ABSTRACT This report documents the research results of the seventh and eighth years of a contract for Cultural Resource Management field investigations, data collection, archival studies, and other related activities undertaken on the Island of O`ahu for the U.S. Army Garrison, Hawai`i. The goal of the Cultural Resources Section of the U.S. Army Garrison’s Ecosystem Management Program, of which we are a part, is to provide the research, support, and data needed to conserve, protect, and enhance the cultural resources of Hawai`i and especially those located on Army properties. In practice, this means balancing compliance with the applicable federal and state laws and regulations while at the same time improving the Army’s ability to conduct training and maintain military readiness. For the purpose of this contract, the primary Army lands considered for these research activities are the eight major Training Areas and Ranges on O`ahu. These are: Mākua Military Reservation (MMR), Kahuku Training Area (KTA), Dillingham Military Reservation (DMR), Kawailoa Training Area (KLO), and Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (SBA). Schofield Barracks is further functionally subdivided into the Cantonment Area (SBC) and the various attached Training Areas: East Range (SBE), West Range (SBW, which includes the Impact Area), South Range (SBS) and now the South Range Acquisition Area (SRA) (refer to Map 1 on p. 2). In addition, the Cultural Resources Section is responsible for all historic and cultural properties on the other 15 Sub- Installations on O`ahu and has occasionally provided assistance with support for activities at Army properties on the Island of Hawai`i. The projects, research, and data recovery activities called for in the Ecosystem Management Program Scope of Work (SOW) and presented in this report consist of a variety of actions and deliverables, listed as follows: Field inventory surveys and reports Site identification and documentation Site relocation (with sub-meter GPS) Site monitoring Development and preparation of field data, field records, and other forms Development and management of an archaeological site database Establishment and management of a curation storage facility Various other duties performed outside the SOW The Cultural Resources Section crew has grown since early 2004 from two to six, with the addition of Carly Anton, Alton Exzabe, Laura Gilda, Moana Lee, Christophe Descantes, and David Cox. These Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit (PCSU) contract employees are supervised by Dr. Laurie Lucking, the Garrison’s Cultural Resource Manager, as Primary investigator (PI). iii LIST OF MAPS Map 1 The Eight Major Training Areas on O`ahu 2 Map 2 Archaeological Sites and Training Areas at DMR 9 Map 3 O`ahu GPR Tests . 14 Map 4 Section of 1954 USGS Quad Map 18 Map 5 Training Areas at KTA, with Sites Recorded (to 1998) 22 Map 6 Map of the Temporary Features and Sites in the CACTF 44 Map 7 1960s Aerial Photo of Central KTA 50 Map 8 The Ahupua`a of the Northern Half of O`ahu 54 Map 9 Drum Road Improvements, Sheet 1 (of 5) - M&E Pacific 59 Map 10 Archaeological Site Areas in MMR 62 Map 11 Areas Surveyed for Cultural Resources at MMR, to date 63 Map 12 High Hazard Areas and Archaeological Sites at MMR 63 Map 13 Access Trails and Overlooks at MMR 74 Map 14 Training Areas in West Half of East Range , 1942 84 Map 15 South Range, Schofield Barracks 90 Map 16 Helemano Military Reservation 92 Map 17 The Cantonment Area at Schofield Barracks (SBC) 102 Map 18 Aerial of Planned Location COFs at SBC 111 Map 19 Duck Field at SBC 112 Map 20 Preliminary Location of COFs at Martines Field 113 Map 21 Site Plan for COFs X810 to X818, at Duck Field 114 Map 22 The Ponds and ‘Flats’ at Fort Shafter 129 Map 23 Map of Ft. DeRussy 139 Map 24 Location of Communication Hut 31Y, at WAA 146 Map 25 Waikakalaua Ammo Storage Area 149 Map 26 Location of Existing Hot Cargo Pad, Hickam Air Force Base 152 Map 27 Fort Kamehameha, June 1922 153 Map 28 The Area Inland of Fort Kamehameha, 1922 156 Map 29 Fort Kamehameha and Ke`ehi Lagoon, 1922 157 Map 30 Ke`ehi Lagoon Dredging and Disposal Plan 158 Map 31 Proposed `Ekahanui Maintenance Unit (MU) 166 Map 32 Sketch Map of Features Identified at Pu`u Kaua 172 Map 33 Vertical Aerial of Part of Wheeler Army Airfield 176 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1 U.S. Army Garrison, Hawai`i Sub-Installations 3 Table 2 Archaeological Sites Identified on Army Lands 8 Table 3 Tax Map Key Designations for the Training Areas at DMR 10 Table 4 Tax Map Key Designations for the Nine Training Areas at KTA 23 Table 5 Tax Map Key Designations for the Training Areas at KLO 54 Table 6 Tax Map Key Designations for MMR 61 Table 7 Planned MMR I P Maintenance Units on Non-Army Lands 164 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Results of Ground Penetrating Radar Scans at DMR 11 Figure 2 The GSSI SIR-3000 System 13 Figure 3 GPR Reflection Profile from Dillingham Air Field 15 Figure 4 An Early View of the Nike Launcher Section, KTA 20 Figure 5 Vertical Aerial Photo of the Central Section of KTA 21 Figure 6 Eugenia Ko`olauensis, in O`io Gulch 24 Figure 7 A Mature Bobea timonioides, in Upper Pahipahialua Gulch 25 Figure 8 A Section of the Proposed Fence Line for MU for Eugenia sp. 27 Figure 9 Offering Left at T-25. KTA, September 2005 28 Figure 10 Raised Soil Berm with Boulders, T-20 29 Figure 11 Temporary Site 6 30 Figure 12 Eroding Boulder at T-1 31 Figure 13 T-10 31 Figure 14 Large Iron Object at T-10 32 Figure 15 Scattered Boulders and Cobbles at T-10 32 Figure 16 T-2, Possible Women’s Heiau 33 Figure 17 The Kohe (Vagina) Stone, with Offerings 34 Figure 18 T-13, a Two-Tiered, Stone-Terraced Area 34 Figure 19 A Possible Phallic Stone, at T-13 35 Figure 20 Possible Hasty Firing Point, or Grave, or Small Heiau. 36 Figure 21 T-12, Boulders and Cobbles at Side of Road, with M. Desilets 37 Figure 22 Feature 1 of T-3 37 Figure 23 Feature 2 of T-3 38 Figure 24 Feature 4 of T-3 39 Figure 25 Feature 2 of T-7 40 Figure 26 Feature 3 of T-7 40 Figure 27 T-8, Concentration of Boulders and Rubble Along Roadway 41 Figure 28 A Common Army Feature Type, a Low Rock Wall 42 Figure 29 T-23 42 Figure 30 Erosion Exposed (Deflating) Boulders on Small, High Spot 43 Figure 31 The GM/GDLS Stryker Family of Vehicles 46 Figure 32 Drum Road, KTA, The Area of Construction Staging Area – 8 48 Figure 33 KTA, Pu`u Kawela, with Radio Towers 48 Figure 34 KTA, with Landing Zone Kanes (Canes) in Center 49 Figure 35 KTA, with Range Control at Center 49 Figure 36 KTA, The Old Nike Site Admin Buildings 51 Figure 37 KTA, The Nike Site, Launch Area. 52 Figure 38 WWII-Era “Battery Ranch” 52 vi Figure 39 The “Objective Gulch” Burn, at Mākua 64 Figure 40 Viewing the Burned Area at the Petroglyph Slab 65 Figure 41 Memo - Request for Camping at MMR 68 Figure 42 Student Outreach at Mākua 75 Figure 43 Wai`anae Community Members Listen to Carly Anton Explain the Cultural Resources Program 76 Figure 44 Students from Nānākuli High and Intermediate School 76 Figure 45 Visitors Get the Opportunity to Closely Observe the Petroglyphs at Site 5926 78 Figure 46 The Front of a Quad-Fold Pamphlet Featuring the Cultural Resources at Mākua 79 Figure 47 View of (Old) Wheeler Field, August 1930 85 Figure 48 WWII Temporary Barracks and Tents in SBE 86 Figure 49 Excavation for Manhole 17 at HMR 94 Figure 50 Manhole 16 at HMR 95 Figure 51 Manhole 16 at HMR 95 Figure 52 Grassy Field at HMR 96 Figure 53 Profile of Manhole 11- E 97 Figure 54 Manhole 11- E at HMR 98 Figure 55 Another View of Manhole 11- E 98 Figure 56 Manhole 11- C at HMR 99 Figure 57 North Wall of Manhole 11- A at HMR 100 Figure 58 GPR Reflection Profile from Schofield Barracks Base Cemetery 104 Figure 59 Amplitude Slice-Maps of Graves at Various Depths 105 Figure 60 Site of Sinkhole and Tunnel at Quad 106 Figure 61 Sinkhole at Quad C 107 Figure 62 NAN Crew Clearing Opening to Tunnel 107 Figure 63 View to East from Inside Earthen Tunnel 108 Figure 64 Copy of Section View and Sketch Map 109 Figure 65 Profile Section of Southern-Facing Trench Wall 116 Figure 66 Angular Rock-Fill on North Face of Trench at Duckfield 116 Figure 67 Horseshoes Recovered from the Trench Spoils 117 Figure 68 The Construction Area at Duck Field 118 Figure 69 Excavation at Duck Field 119 Figure 70 Entrance Ramp at Duck Field 120 Figure 71 Start of Construction at Duck Field 120 Figure 72 Existing Sewer Line at Duck Field 121 Figure 73 Excavating and Grading Sub-Base