PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7342 March 2002 Scientific Report 2001 Volume V General Energy edited by Prof. Alexander Wokaun and Christina Daum CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland Phone: 056/310 21 11 Telefax: 056/310 21 99 A digital version of this report is available on the home page of the General Energy Research Department http://ene.web.psi.ch TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 A. Wokaun ENERGY AND MATERIALS CYCLES 3 S. Stuck! PARTIAL OXIDATION OF METHANOL ON A COPPER CATALYST 5 F. Vogel LOW TEMPERATURE CATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION (POX) OF HYDROCARBONS (C1 TO C10) 7 FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION E. Newson, T.B. Truong, A. Fleury A NEW REACTOR CONCEPT FOR IMPROVED HEAT INTEGRATION IN AUTOTHERMAL 9 METHANOL REFORMING K. Geissler, T. Schildhauer ON-BOARD FUEL CONVERSION: DIMETHYL ETHER FROM METHANOL FOR COMPRESSION 11 IGNITION ENGINES H. Armbruster, S. Stuck! THE REDOX PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN FROM WOODY BIOMASS 13 R. Sime, J. Kuehni, L. D’Souza, E. Elizondo, S. Biollaz, S. Stuck! METHANE FROM BIOMASS 15 S. Biollaz, S. Stuck! HEAVY METAL EVAPORATION FROM FLY ASH IN INERT AND OXIDIZING ATMOSPHERES 17 H. Lutz, Chr. Ludwig STRUCTURE OF ZINC PARTICLES FORMED BY CONDENSATION FOR TRANSPORTATION 19 TO AN ANALYTIC DEVICE T. Barone, J. Wochele, Chr. Ludwig, A.J. Schuler, B. Ketterer HEAVY METAL RECOVERY FROM FLY ASH: A Zn K-EDGE EXAFS STUDY 21 R.P.W.J. Struis, Chr. Ludwig, H. Lutz, A. Scheidegger (LES) SOLAR TECHNOLOGY 23 R. Palumbo REKIN, AN EXPERIMENT TO STUDY THE KINETICS OF THE OXIDATION OF ZINC 25 VAPOR — CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW AND DESIGN P. Bodek, I. Alxneit OPTIMISATION OF THE QUENCH FOR THE SOLAR THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF ZINC OXIDE 27 M. Keunecke, J. Lede (LSGC-CNRS-ENSIC, Nancy, France), M. Ferrer (LSGC-CNRS-ENSIC), R. Palumbo, A. Meier SPECTRAL REFLECTIVITY OF Fe203 AND NIO AT HIGH TEMPERATURE 29 M. Musella TOWARDS THE INDUSTRIAL SOLAR PRODUCTION OF LIME 31 A. Meier, E. Bonaldi (QualiCal AG), G.M. Celia (QualiCal AG), W. Lipinski, R. Palumbo, A. Steinfeld (ETH Zurich and PSI), C. Wieckert, D. Wuillemin OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF A 5 kW SOLAR CHEMICAL REACTOR FOR THE 33 CO-PRODUCTION OF ZINC AND SYNGAS S. Kraupl, A. Steinfeld (ETH Zurich and PSI) HYDROGEN PRODUCTION VIA THE SOLAR THERMAL DECARBONIZATION OF FOSSIL FUELS 35 D. Hirsch (ETH Zurich), P. von Zedtwitz (ETHZ), A. Steinfeld (ETHZ and PSI) SOLAR THERMAL EXTRACTION OF COPPER AND ZINC FROM SULFIDES 37 C. Guesdon, M. Sturzenegger THE SOLZINC-PROJECT FOR UP-SCALING THE SOLAR CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR 39 PRODUCING ZINC AS A SOLAR FUEL C. Wieckert, R. Palumbo, M. Epstein (Weizmann Institute, Israel), G. Olalde (CNRS-IMP), H.-J. Pauling (ChemTEK), J.F. Robert (CNRS-IMP), S. Santen (ScanArc), A. Steinfeld (ETH Zurich and PSI) PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC PROTOTYPE 41 SYSTEMS W. Durisch, B. Bitnar, J.-C. Mayor, F. von Roth, H. Sigg, H.-R. Tschudi, G. Palfinger COMBUSTION RESEARCH 43 K. Boulouchos HOMOGENEOUS IGNITION IN HIGH-PRESSURE COMBUSTION OF METHANE/AIR OVER 45 PLATINUM M. Reinke, I. Mantzaras, R. Schaeren, R. Bombach, W. Kreutner, A. Inauen AN EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT CATALYTICALLY 47 STABILIZED CHANNEL FLOW COMBUSTION C. Appel, I. Mantzaras, R. Schaeren, R. Bombach, A. Inauen STRUCTURE AND NOx EMISSION OF TURBULENT PREMIXED METHANE/AIR FLAMES AT 49 HIGH PRESSURE P. Griebel, R. Bombach, A. Inauen, W. Kreutner, R. Scharen EXPERIMENTS ON THE SOOT REDUCTION POTENTIAL OF OXYGENATED FUELS 51 S. Kunte (ETH Zurich), T. Gerber, M. Tulej, B. Bougie, P. Radi, P. Beaud, G. Knopp QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO-COLOR RESONANT FOUR-WAVE MIXING SPECTRA 53 OF THE OH RADICAL P.P. Radi, A.P. Kouzov, P. Beaud, T. Gerber, G. Knopp, M. Tulej FEMTOSECOND PHOTODISSOCIATION OF THE ETHYL RADICAL 55 G. Knopp, P. Beaud, P.P. Radi, M. Tulej, A.P. Kouzov, B. Bougie, T. Gerber SOUND GENERATING FLAMES OF A GAS TURBINE BURNER OBSERVED BY LASER-INDUCED 57 FLUORESCENCE W. Hubschmid, A. Inauen, R. Bombach, W. Kreutner, S. Schenker, M. Zajadatz (Alstom), C. Motz (Alstom), K. Haffner (Alstom), C O. Paschereit (Alstom) INVESTIGATION OF COUNTER FLOW DIFFUSION FLAMES 59 Ch. Frouzakis (ETH Zurich and PSI), A. Inauen, W. Kreutner FLOW VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN A HIGH ALTITUDE SIMULATION CHAMBER USING 60 LASER-INDUCED GRATINGS B. Hemmerling, D.N. Kozlov (General Physics Institute, Moscow), M. Neracher SIDE REACTIONS IN THE SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NO WITH NH3 62 G. Madia, M. Koebel, M. Elsener, A. Wokaun INVESTIGATION OF THE OXIDATION OF NO OVER PLATINUM CATALYSTS 64 J. Despres, M. Koebel, M. Elsener, A. Wokaun ELECTROCHEMISTRY 67 O. Haas LaCoOs PEROVSKITE, A NEW COBALT REFERENCE FOR EXAFS INVESTIGATIONS 69 O. Haas, R.P.W.J. Struis, J. McBreen (Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA) THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE MODIFICATIONS ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL LITHIUM 71 INSERTION PROPERTIES OF HEXAGONAL GRAPHITE P. Novak, M.E. Spahr (TIMCAL SA), H. Wilhelm (TIMCAL SA), F. Joho, J.-C. Panitz, J. Warn bach, N. Dupont-Pavlovsky (University of Nancy, France) 50 KW SUPERCAPACITOR MODULE FOR THE BRESA PROJECT 74 M. Bartschi, S. Muller, R. Kotz, R. Gallay (Montena Components S.A.), A. Schneuwly (Montena Components S.A.), V. Hermann (Montena Components S.A.) BIPOLAR GLASSY CARBON HIGH POWER SUPERCAPACITOR 76 M. Hahn, B. Schnyder, M. Bartsch, R. Kotz, M. Carlen (ABB), D. Evard (Leclanche S.A.) COMPARISON OF THE SELF-CHEMISORPTION OF AZURIN ON GOLD AND ON 78 FUNCTIONALISED OXIDE SURFACES B. Schnyder, R. Kotz, D. Alliata (INFM, Viterbo), P. Face! (INFM) OXYGEN REDUCTION ACTIVITY OF Pt AND PtCo-ALLOY CATALYSTS: A COMPARISON BE- 80 TWEEN KINETIC MEASUREMENTS AND POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL EXPERIMENTS U.A. Paulus, C. Draschil, T.J. Schmidt (LBNL and PSI), V. Stamenkovic (LBNL), N. M. Markovic (LBNL), P.N. Ross (LBNL), G.G. Scherer ASSESSMENT OF REFORMATE TOLERANCE IN A TWO-CELL POLYMER ELECTROLYTE 82 FUEL CELL WITH 100 cm 2 ACTIVE AREA L. Gubler, G.G. Scherer, A. Wokaun INVESTIGATION OF TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE ON CO-POISONING IN A POLYMER 84 ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL OPERATING WITH REFORMATE F. Hajbolouri, B. Andreaus, L. Gubler, G.G. Scherer, A. Wokaun ON THE IMPORTANCE OF A SUFFICIENT WATER SUPPLY AT POLYMER ELECTROLYTE 86 FUEL CELL ANODES B. Andreaus, A.J. McEvoy (EPF Lausanne), G.G. Scherer EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS BY PULSED HYDROGEN SUPPLY IN POLYMER ELECTROLYTE 88 FUEL CELL (PEFC) SYSTEMS A. Tsukada, P. Rodatz (ETH Zurich) CURRENT DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS IN PE FUEL CELL OF TECHNICAL RELEVANCE 91 F.N. Buchi, A.B. Geiger R.P.C. Neto (Institute Superior Tecnico, Lisbon) DEVELOPMENT OF A 40 kW FUEL CELL SYSTEM BASED ON AN ARRAY OF 6 POLYMER 93 ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL STACKS F.N. Buchi, M. Ruge (ETH Zurich), P. Dietrich, F. Geiger, P. Hottinger, C.A. Marmy, R. Panozzo, G.G. Scherer, P. Rodatz (ETHZ), A. Tsukada, F. von Roth LONG-TIME PERFORMANCE OF RADIATION GRAFTED PSI MEMBRANES IN H2-02 POLYMER 95 ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS T.J. Schmidt, T. Rager, G.G. Scherer IMPROVEMENT OF THE INTERFACE IN MEMBRANE-ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES BASED ON 96 RADIATION-GRAFTED MEMBRANES J. Huslage, T. Rager, T.J. Schmidt, G.G. Scherer RADIATION-GRAFTED POLYMER FILMS WITH IMPROVED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 97 T. Rager, D. Beckel, C. Noirtin, P. Muff, S. Schweri, O. Haas, J. Huslage, G.G. Scherer NOVEL MEMBRANES FOR APPLICATION IN DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS 99 A. B. Geiger, T. Rager, G.G. Scherer, A. Wokaun ACTIVATION OF EDGE-PLANE PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE ELECTRODE SURFACES BY 101 MECHANICAL ABRASION FOR ATTACHING SULFONIC ACID GROUPS B. Steiger, G.G. Scherer HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY METHANOL REFORMING: POST-REACTION 103 CHARACTERISATION OF A Cu/Zn0/Al203 CATALYST F. Raimondi, K. Geissler, J. Warn bach, A. Wokaun PULSED REACTIVE CROSSED-BEAM LASER ABLATION OF LaoeCao^CoOs FOR THE 104 PREPARATION OF ELECTROACTIVE THIN FILMS M. J. Montenegro, T. Upped, S. Muller, A. Wokaun, P.R. Willmott (University of Zurich), A. Weidenkaff (University of Augsburg) FABRICATION OF MICROOPTICAL ELEMENTS IN QUARTZ BY LASER - INDUCED BACKSIDE 105 WET ETCHING G. Kopitkovas, C. David, T. Lippert, A. Wokaun COMPARISON OF LIBS AND LA-ICP-MS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TRACE METALS 106 K. Meissner, T. Lippert, A. Wokaun, D. Gunther (ETH Zurich), U. Pfeifer-Fukumura (FH-Wiesbaden) FABRICATION OF RIE MASKS BY ArF LASER ABLATION OF THIN METAL FILMS ON 107 GLASSY CARBON M. Kuhnke, C. David, T. Lippert, G.G. Scherer, A. Wokaun TIME RESOLVED MEASUREMENTS OF THE LASER ABLATION PROCESS OF A 108 TRIAZENE-POLYMER BY NANOSECOND INTERFEROMETRY M. Hauer, D.J. Funk (Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA), T. Lippert, A. Wokaun FAST AND SLOW PARTICLES DURING ABLATION OF A PHOTOLABILE POLYMER 109 T. Lippert, M. Hauer, A. Wokaun, J.T. Dickinson (Washington State University, USA), S.C. Langford (Washington State University, USA) ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 111 U. Baltensperger LOCAL ANALYSIS OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN THE PO BASIN AROUND MILANO 113 J. Dommen, A.S.H. Prevot, B. Neininger (MetAir), M. Baumle (MetAir) EVALUATING PHOTOCHEMICAL MODEL RESULTS IN THE LOMBARDY REGION 114 N. Ritter, J. Dommen, A.S.H. Prevot LESS OZONE IN TICINO DURING FERRAGOSTO 115 R. O. Weber, A.S.H. Prevot A NEW METHOD TO DEFINE NOx AND VOC SENSITIVITY OF 03 FORMATION 116 S. Andreani-Aksoyoglu, J. Keller, A.S.H. Prevot CHAPOP (CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH ALPINE POLLUTION PLUMES) 117 S. Henne, M. Steinbacher, S. Nyeki, J. Dommen, M. Furger, A.S.H. Prevot FIRST MEASUREMENTS WITH A PROTON-TRANSFER-REACTION MASS SPECTROMETER 118 (PTR-MS) M. Steinbacher, J. Dommen, A.S.H. Prevot, C. Ammann (FAL, Bern-Liebefeld), A. Neftel (FAL) THE YEAR OF GASPHASE AND AEROSOL MEASUREMENTS (YOGAM) - PRELIMINARY 119 AEROSOL RESULTS N. Bukowiecki, I. Polo, A.S.H. Prevot, J. Dommen, R. Richter, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger MOBILE MEASUREMENTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN THE ZURICH REGION: FIRST RESULTS 120 G.