Shooting an elephant Introduction Shooting an Elephant" is an essay by George Orwell, first published in the literary magazine New Writing in late 1936 and broadcast by the BBC Home Service on 12 October 1948. The essay describes the experience of the English narrator, possibly Orwell himself, called upon to shoot an aggressive elephant while working as a police officer in Burma. Because the locals expect him to do the job, he does so against his better judgment, his anguish increased by the elephant's slow and painful death. The story is regarded as a metaphor for British imperialism, and for Orwell's view that "when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys." Lines 1 and 2 In Moulmein, in • Moulmein: “Moulmein used to be full of elephants Lower Burma, I was [employed to] haul logs in the timber firms. "Ordinary hated by large tamed elephants have been part of Burmese life numbers of people — centuries,...the rare and revered white elephant, the only time in my believed in Buddhist legend to be a symbol of purity life that I have been and power.“ This was also seen in Moulmein. important enough for • Sub divisional police officer: Orwell moved this to happen to me. Moulmein in 1926. He held the post of assistant I was sub-divisional superintendent in the British Indian Imperial Police police officer of the Burma from 1922 to 1927. town, and in an aimless, petty kind of • Anti-European feeling: Burma was under the British way anti-European rule from 1823 to 1948. it was part of the Indian feeling was very bitter. Empire till 1937. anti-colonial feeling was strong the country. Colonial angst of the Burmese No one had the guts to raise a riot, but if a • Anti-European feeling European woman went through the bazaars alone somebody would probably spit betel juice over her had not reached any dress. As a police officer I was an obvious target and significantly high was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so. When proportion. It limited a nimble Burman tripped me up on the football itself to small, minor, field and the referee (another Burman) looked the other way, the crowd yelled with hideous laughter. everyday incidents: This happened more than once. In the end the spitting betel juice on sneering yellow faces of young men that met me the dress, tripping an everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at a safe distance, got badly on my nerves. The Englishman in the young Buddhist priests were the worst of all. There football field or were several thousands of them in the town and jeering at them from none of them seemed to have anything to do a safe distance. except stand on street corners and jeer at Europeans. The Buddhist priests of Burma Orwell’s ambivalent attitude towards colonialism All this was perplexing and • My attitude to imperialism was upsetting. For at that time I had already made up my mind that clear: it was evil system. Hence imperialism was an evil thing and we find that Kipling’s the sooner I chucked up my job Imperialistic glory – the White and got out of it the better. Man’s Burden – has worn thin Theoretically — and secretly, of course — I was all for the • For me the British were the Burmese and all against their oppressors conquering by force oppressors, the British. As for the job I was doing, I hated it more an independent race. bitterly than I can perhaps make • I was full of sympathy for the clear. Burmese cause. British Police Officer The job of the policeman In a job like that you see the •Since police is the dirty work of Empire at close quarters. The wretched arm that applies all prisoners huddling in the the colonial policies stinking cages of the lock- by force, therefore ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the the police knows the scarred buttocks of the men heartlessness of the who had been flogged with system. bamboos — all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt. Orwell’s Imperialistic Position But I could get • The English officers serving the crown were asked nothing into only forward the imperialistic interest. The real perspective. I perspective lay in the application of the Western was young and -educated humanism which existed only in the papers in the and I had had governance of the colonies. to think out my • Utter silence: the British officers were not problems in encouraged to question their role in the colonies but the utter silence that is were asked only to hold up as a shining example the imposed on exemplary duty done by the British for the every upliftment of the masses Englishman in • The British officers had the feeling that they have the East. been looting India. But they had to follow service rules and serve the interest of their ‘employer’. Orwell vis-à-vis Imperialism [continued] I did not even know that • British empire is dying: Global events were the British Empire is making the maintenance of empire dying, still less did I know unprofitable. that it is a great deal better than the younger • Younger empires: the reference is towards empires that are going to totalitarianism of the communist regimes. supplant it. All I knew was that I was stuck • His attitude towards the job he did and between my hatred of ideology he had is antithetical. He did not the empire I served and imperialism. He also did not like the sufferers my rage against the evil- imperialism. Perhaps he is a racist as well. spirited little beasts who tried to make my job • It is also evident that though he does not impossible. what he does, he takes a lot of professional pride in doing what he does to the best of ability. Orwell vis-à-vis Imperialism [continued] With one part of my mind I • The Latin phrase in saecula thought of the British Raj as an saeculorum expresses the idea unbreakable tyranny, as of eternity and is literally something clamped down, in translated as "unto the ages saecula saeculorum, upon the ages." The phrase is the will of prostrate peoples; with Vulgate translation of the New another part I thought that the Testament. greatest joy in the world would • Once again he talks be to drive a bayonet into a ambivalence. Buddhist priest's guts. Feelings like these are the normal by- • He says that imperialism products of imperialism; ask any produces this kind Anglo-Indian official, if you can contradictory feelings between catch him off duty. the human being and the professional. The story advances One day something happened •Orwell admits that which in a roundabout way was enlightening. It was a tiny his action may have incident in itself, but it gave me a been a thumb-nail better glimpse than I had had view of the entire before of the real nature of imperialism — the real motives situation he has for which despotic governments been trapped in. act. The sighting of the elephant Early one morning the sub- • Winchester rifle: The first inspector at a police station the Winchester rifle – the Winchester other end of the town rang me up Model 1866 – was originally on the phone and said that an chambered for the rim fire elephant was ravaging the bazaar. henry. Nicknamed the "Yellow Boy" Would I please come and do because of its receiver of something about it? I did not know bronze/brass alloy called gunmetal what I could do, but I wanted to • In terrorem: Latin for "into/about see what was happening and I got fear", is a legal threat, usually one on to a pony and started out. I given in hope of compelling took my rifle, an old .44 someone to act without resorting Winchester and much too small to to a lawsuit or criminal kill an elephant, but I thought the prosecution. noise might be useful in terrorem. The story progresses Various Burmans stopped me on the way and told me about the elephant's doings. It was not, of course, a wild elephant, but a tame one which had gone ‘must’. It had been chained up, as tame elephants always are when their attack of ‘must’ is due, but on the previous night it had broken its chain and escaped. Its mahout, the only person who could manage it when it was in that state, had set out in pursuit, but had taken the wrong direction and was now twelve hours’ journey away, and in the morning the elephant had suddenly reappeared in the town. The ravages done by the elephant The Burmese population had no weapons and were quite helpless against it. It had already destroyed somebody's bamboo hut, killed a cow and raided some fruit-stalls and devoured the stock; also it had met the municipal rubbish van and, when the driver jumped out and took to his heels, had turned the van over and inflicted violences upon it. The elephant is sighted The Burmese sub-inspector and some Indian constables were waiting for me in the quarter where the elephant had been seen. It was a very poor quarter, a labyrinth of squalid bamboo huts, thatched with palm leaf, winding all over a steep hillside. I remember that it was a cloudy, stuffy morning at the beginning of the rains. The elephant isn’t immediately seen by Orwell We began questioning the people as to • Once again Orwell takes a where the elephant had gone and, as against the Indians.