• IstOry Stud; History Studies University of Limerick History Society Journal Volume 12,2011 Histmy Studies is a refereed publication of the University of Limerick History Society and is published annually. It Table of Contents is registered with the I.fish International Standard Serial Preface Number (ISSN) Centre at tbe National Library of [reland. ""'facc and acknowledge"..,nts ii FO"''''''rd and editorial iii Cover design by Jennifer McCaffrey and Nora McGillicuddy, Limerick School of Art and Design, Articles Limerick Institute of Technology. TIle cover incorporates The report of friar John of Plano Carpini' ""alysis of an inlelligence gathering mssion conducled on behalfof lhe Papacy in lhe n"Od lhirteenth century. the concept of past, present and future, which is depicted, Slephen Be""ell flrstly by the use ofthe Buddhist symbol Awn. The idea is ·Con••m no110 the "ycl:edne<se': lhe conlribulion of Nicodemites secondly represented by three illustrative heads looking in to the elil2beth"" church. Angelo Romm' different directions. They symbolise the search for history " How"""" lhe 1641 depositions n...n;Pu!aled in England to persuade by past, present and future historians. lhe Engllsh n....... ofCatholic pe",,"culion" SophieCooper The origin. and inspiration. oflhe cenic re,·;val. Copyright © by the contributors listed herein and History Delrdre Kelly Studies, 201 I, including all bibliographical references. Political violence in Cork: case sludie, oflhe Ne"mlrlel and flantry Riot •. 1910. John O'IXm"",,,, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a Farce and lragedy in Eupen_Maln-ed}: the public .",,,,,,ion ofopinion in 1920. retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any Vincell/O'Connell means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or Supplying an army:lRA gunrunning in Britain during the War of Indep.nJence G<irord Noonoll otherwise, without the prior pennissiol1 of the editors of "' A cad",-style party? Cunnnn no nGledheal organisalion in lhe constituencies Histmy Studies. oft1arc and Dublin Nonh 1923-27 Aiel Farrell Consullalion and Co"pc",l"n? NATO's int,.a_alliance frictions during lhe [krlin crisis 1958--1961 Printed by Ger Browne, Print and Design Itd, Unit 2, lWris Barth '" Crossagalla Industrial Estate, Ballyneety, Co. Limerick. Noteson contributors 126 ISSN 1393 - 7782. The Universily ofLi"..,ric~ HistOl)" SoCiely 128 Prefaee Rescarchingand IITil inghislory isa complex and lengthy processand one of activity in the resea-eh process andensure continuityofoutput, The journal the dangers is thm rescarch fiJx:lingsare not publisbedor are not published in editors. Mr Paul M. Hayes and Mr Freyne Corbett have maintained high approprime publishing outlets. Publicmion of historical IWrk is crucial to production and scholarship values in volwne t\-elve of the journal. maintaininga vibrant academic discipline. Thepublishing landscape haslu:n tmnsformed in the last few years v.ith Irish, English. American and continental European presses receptive to Irish material. Hov.ever, in the Ikrnadette Whelan M.A. Ph.D. current c1imatev.here tirst. resmrdl ma:ricshave been accepted by miversity Head, Department of History leadersand second, the consensus in the historiml profession in lrelatd. that University of Limerick there is no hienrchyofpublishing houses and academic journals in Ireland andelsel\here and that commercial projects such as Thomson Reuters IS! Web of Knov.ledge database is. according to Canny, 'methodologically msoWld v.here humanities disciplines arc concerned'. researchers at all levels shouldgive m uch thought to the placement ofbooks, anicles.chapters and reviev.s. This is partia..tlarly appositetoresearchtts in Irish history I\ho are prolific and play a significant role in elocid.'1ting the distinctive Irish Ackuowletlgmel1 IS dimension tothe natimal past and present. Their material may not ahluys find a home in an ISI journal. Consequently, it behOl'esestOOlished historians The editors \\()u1d like 10 thank Dr. Bem:d::tte Whelan. Head, Dcpllnmdlt of to resist the ske\lingof Irish historical scholarship by the adoption of this History, for her generous sponsorship and encouragement, and her commercially drivCll prodoct in Irish mivasities. Historians accept that all predecessor Mr Raymond Friel. Without v.hich this volume \\Uuld not be research must be assessed for its quality. [t is how books are received by published. Professor Tom Lodge, Dean of Ihe College of Humanit ies al1d peers in the profession, rather than as Canny notes 'the imprint of the Professor Brian Fitzgerald, Vice President Research. Univer.;ity of Limerick publisher that dctennines Iwrth.'This volume includes contributions from v.ho also providcdvaluable financial assistam:e. Wc arc indelxcd to Dr Davu scholars in the UnivlTsityofLOI1doo, University ofYock. London School of Flemingfor hisadvice and help in preparil1gthisvolume. My thanks also go Economic, Trinity College Dublin. University of Limerick. University 10 the contributing authors for thdr patience. College Cork, NUl Maynooth. University College Dublin. It provides invaluable insights into Irish. English, Belgian and international history from the medieval to late tv.entielh century. I commend the collection and congratulate the University of Limerick History Society foc its support ofthejournal. TheofteIKlegleeted role of the editor and editorial panel should be recognised also. They condoct a vital ii -- Foreword The report of friar John of Piano Carpini: The UnivCl"sityofLimcrid: Histt:l"y Society is delighted tosee the continuing vitalityofHistory Studies. The Society isjustly proud ofthe fact that its Analysis of an intelligence gathering mission conducted on journal remains theonlyjourrol in Ireland edited and managed by SlOOents behalfof the Papacy in the mid thirteenth century and haspublished 12 volumes. A central aim of the Sodet)· is to provide a Stephen Bennctl vehicle through "flich younger scholars can see their \\Qrk in print. While funding thejournal isa maller fur concern in a period of shortage and Qui seclllldos opw/ 'memus, dimicel or/e, 'lOll casll. / cutbacks. the Society is hopeful that the support it receives from its bcnefactt:l"s can be sustained intothc futme. In this regard, \1(' arc delighted Intelligence can be detined as the product of analysis of refined and collated to acknowledge the continuing financial aid provided by the Department of data. 1 Ideally drawn from a variety of sources, Intelligence should aim to History, the Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, answer the decision maker's specific infonnation requirements and unlock and the Office of the Vice President. Research, \\;thout "hich History the deeper processes at work in the target system. The requirement for Studies could not be produced. intelligence is clear in Vegetius' lk re milirari. With some 260 surviving Scamus Kearney Latin manuscripts it has been presented as the principle wori< on military doctrine ofthe age. J What evidence is there, however, ofth.: ideas outlined in De re militari being applied in practice? This paper will consider the reliability and value ofa report on the Mongol Empire in the mid thirteenth ccntury written by I'ranciscan Friar Editorial JolUl of PIano Carpini for Pope Innocent IV. In doing so this paper will attempt to highlight that Carpini's report was packed with meticulous and ram pleased to present a diverse set of essays in volwne t\\,\'lve of His/ory precise military data, even if at times it lacked insight into causality: This Sl1ufies. Th.: high num1Jf'r of submissions shows the abundance of goes some way 10 demonstnlling the advaJlCed nature of intelligence postgraduate history researchers \lUrking at this time. Many exceptional gathering in the Middle Ages was in line \\ith Vegctiusian doctrine. essays \lere rejeet.:d \\hol1y on thebasis ofa lack of&-pace. The essays in this Bctwe.:n 12]7 and 1Nl the Mongols had surged westwards, journal are from contriblnors across Britain and Ireland, encompassing a subjugating th.: Rus' and defeating the forces of Poland, Moravia and \\;de range oftopics. From 13 ~ ccnlury\\mfare to political violmce in Cork Hungary before withdrawing.l Analysing the nature ofthe MOIlgolthreat was in the first decade of the 20'" centlD'Y, various political themes are also evident spanning a nllm1Jf'r ofcOl.UlIrics. The diversity of submissions sho\\s the strcngthofpostgraduate resc:rch \\;thinthe Wliversitieson these islands. 'V<i'~"'" D< '< mJli,,,,;. pc<fac. '0 Book III ... C. SaLlll<kn, F, uSa",.f><! N. Th<>...... leds). Wrlu"ll 11',..-, M«IWl'IJl U"rory',<'pon>t< Id """fan (C.mboid~. ~0lJ.I). 1 C.........OM",i"')' of DefeJl<O. .1<>;,,, 1,,"II~nc< 1),><"1",, lOt..'.... 200». pp 1-11 'C. AIIm<>f><!. 'no: /)f,~ mmuvl ofVegeliu... ,lie Mlddle JI.iI<o.TJd R.,...j'.......' in Sa"1'Jers.. t-" Paul Hayes Sa"" ond Thom.. (<do). WrlUng War, pp t5_28. • John of Plo.., C"",ini. 'Hislory of'b<: Moog.o!s' in Th.! ,\w.@~ ..I>tl<>n: oorrothv,",", 1",,<,. qfth< Fr"<>el''''''' ..wl""",;", /" Mongolia at'" Chi"" In ,h< I~;"..rnh """ fi_t~.rnh "rn.,;.,. ,""'- • OWl ofS'anbrook Abbey. cd, c. 0."',"",( Ne" York,19lS). pp 18. 22-4. 29. , D. Mori'" 71N' ,I/oogo/>. 2nd cd"ioo (O,furd. :>001). p, 12~. I iii • priority for Pope Innocent TV at the First COI.JllCil of L)'OllS in 1245.· For this be required timely, accurate and cogent information. Although some fighting power and compare it "'ith information drawn from other primary (wenty year1li had passed since: the first Mongol nids into Gcofgia and Russia. little ",-as kl1O"'n of the Mongols. their culture. rdigious beliefs or miliuuy In addition to dr.iwing from penonal obse.....ation. Carpini credited intentions.' Owing the course ofthe Council, Innocent IV san three sep3nltc Uungarians Md Rus' captives taken in the first Mongol mid of 1221·2 or, embassies to the Mongols; t",o Dominican missioos under Andrew of more commonly. the campaign of 1237-42. Those who had learnt the Mongol Longjurneau and Frill/' Ascelin respe<:tivdy. and a Franciscan mission under language. as "'ell as French or Lalin, were useful in providing 'bits of private Carpini.