TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS TO ARTS DISTRICTS: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF CASTLEBERRY HILL HISTORIC DISTRICT by MARY FENWICK PARISH (Under the Direction of Eric MacDonald) ABSTRACT This thesis examines how historic industrial districts in urban areas within the Southeastern United States may be transformed into contemporary arts districts without compromising their historic character and integrity. Although revitalization of historic industrial areas through the arts is increasingly common in cities throughout the United States, few researchers have explored the relationship between historic preservation and arts district development. To address this gap, this thesis offers a case study of Castleberry Hill Historic District in Atlanta, Georgia, which is a locally-designated landmark district that is also listed in the National Register of Historic Places, and a recently-transformed informal arts district. The case study identifies key architectural and landscape characteristics of the district, and evaluates how arts-related rehabilitation has altered the district’s character. The thesis concludes with recommendations for preserving the district’s physical and intangible heritage while accommodating its transformation into an arts district. INDEX WORDS: ADAPTIVE REUSE, ARTS DISTRICT, INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT, HISTORIC CHARACTER, HISTORIC INTEGRITY TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS TO ARTS DISTRICTS: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF CASTLEBERRY HILL HISTORIC DISTRICT by MARY FENWICK PARISH BLA, University of Georgia, 2014 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION ATHENS, GEORGIA 2016 © 2016 Mary Fenwick Parish All Rights Reserved TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREAS TO ARTS DISTRICTS: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF CASTLEBERRY HILL HISTORIC DISTRICT by MARY FENWICK PARISH Major Professor: Eric MacDonald Committee: Cari Goetcheus Stephen Ramos James Read Electronic Version Approved: Suzanne Barbour Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2016 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents who always supported me and encouraged me to give my best effort. I also dedicate this work to my friends and colleagues Vineet Date, Alex Green, and Rebecca McManus for their feedback and editorial advice. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to the guidance of Dr. Eric MacDonald for his direction and feedback. I am also grateful for the guidance of Professor Cari Goetcheus for her invaluable suggestions and advice. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 Research Question ...................................................................................................1 Background and Relevance ......................................................................................2 Limitations of Research ...........................................................................................3 Methods....................................................................................................................5 Thesis Organization ................................................................................................10 2 BACKGROUND RESEARCH ...................................................................................14 History of the Preservation of Industrial Districts .................................................14 Arts Districts as a Strategy for Revitalizing Industrial Districts ...........................20 Artists’ Use of Industrial Districts .........................................................................23 Literature Review ...................................................................................................25 Gentrification in Informal Arts Districts ................................................................29 U.S. Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation ................................32 Economic Incentives for Rehabilitation.................................................................34 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................36 vi 3 CASE STUDY RESEARCH .......................................................................................38 Two Case Studies of Historic Industrial Districts Transformed into Arts Districts ....38 Riverside Industrial District ...................................................................................39 South Main Street Historic District........................................................................44 Comparison of the Effects of Transformation on Character and Integrity ............47 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................53 4 CASTLEBERRY HILL CASE STUDY RESEARCH................................................55 The Early History of Castleberry Hill Historic District .........................................55 The Historic Resources of Castleberry Hill Historic District ................................60 The Redevelopment of Castleberry Hill Historic District .....................................63 Continued Redevelopment of Castleberry Hill Historic District ...........................67 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................71 5 CASTLEBERRY HILL CASE STUDY ANALYSIS .................................................72 Physical Aspects of the Historic Character and Integrity of Industrial Areas .......72 Assessment of the Historic Character and Integrity ..............................................79 Mapping Analysis of the Changes 1985-2016 .......................................................88 Evaluation of the Castleberry Hill Local Landmark District Regulations .............92 Summary of the Findings at Castleberry Hill Historic District .............................98 6 CONCLUSION ..........................................................................................................102 Recommended Changes to the 2000 Castleberry Hill Master Plan ....................102 Concluding Points ...............................................................................................104 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................107 vii APPENDICES A Castleberry Hill Field Study Photos. .........................................................................112 B Sections 16-20.006 -.009 of the Code of Ordinances of the City of Atlanta .................127 viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Potential Preservation and Creative Industries Use Strategies ........................................27 Table 2: Comparative Characteristics of the Three Case Studies ..................................................39 Table 3: Castleberry Hill Olympic Funding ..................................................................................65 Table 4: Defining Physical Historic Characteristics ......................................................................79 ix LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Context Map of Castleberry Hill in Atlanta, GA .............................................................3 Figure 2: Unplanned and Planned Arts Districts ..........................................................................22 Figure 3: Location of Riverside Industrial District in Asheville, NC ............................................40 Figure 4: Location of South Main Street Historic District in Memphis, TN .................................44 Figure 5: 170 Lyman Street River Link Studios ............................................................................48 Figure 6: 6 Riverside Drive Curve Studios ....................................................................................48 Figure 7: 122 Riverside Drive Cotton Mill Studios .......................................................................48 Figure 8: 109 Roberts Street Before Streetscape Changes ............................................................49 Figure 9: 109 Roberts Street After Streetscape Changes ...............................................................49 Figure 10: 111-129 Roberts Street .................................................................................................50 Figure 11: 410 South Main Street c. 1980 .....................................................................................51 Figure 12: 410 South Main Street ..................................................................................................52 Figure 13: 509-515 South Main Street c. 1980 ..............................................................................53 Figure 14: 509-515 South Main Street...........................................................................................53 Figure 15: Atlanta Fulton County Sanborn Fire Insurance Map 1892 ..........................................58 Figure 16: Atlanta Fulton County Sanborn Fire Insurance Map