UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Rebellious Citizens: National Reforms and the Practice of Local Governance in Jalisco, Mexico, 1914-1940 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Ulices Piña Committee in Charge: Professor Eric Van Young, Chair Professor Christine Hunefeldt Professor Dana Murillo Professor Nancy Postero Professor Daniel Widener 2017 © Ulices Piña, 2017. All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Ulices Piña is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii DEDICATION Mi madre y padre trabajaron duro en este país haciendo los trabajos que muchos actualmente no quieren hacer para que mis hermanos y yo tuviéramos oportunidades. El presente trabajo está dedicado a ellos. iv EPIGRAPH Vine a Comala porque me dijeron que acá vivía mi padre, un tal Pedro Páramo. -Juan Rulfo v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ........................................................................................................... iii Dedication .................................................................................................................. iv Epigraph ..................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... x Vita ............................................................................................................................. xiii Abstract of Dissertation ............................................................................................. xvi Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 ‘As Revolutionaries We Are Obligated to Comply’: The Politics of Reconstruction and the Estradista Rebellion ............................................................. 23 The Time in Between: From Revolution to Rebellion ...................................... 29 Interpreting Political Behaviors and Social Constructions in the Rebellion ..... 55 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 95 Chapter 2 Terror and Progress: The Anatomy of Rule of Local Power Structures in the Guadalajara Region ........................................................................ 97 The Aftermath of the Estradista Rebellion and the Rise of José Guadalupe Zuno ................................................................................................ 103 Debating Democracy and the Fall of José Guadalupe Zuno ............................. 151 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 171 Chapter 3 The Road to Perdition: Seditious Activities and Political Disorders ....... 173 Conspiracies and Rebellious Activities in the Countryside .............................. 176 El que pierde gana: Zuno’s Last Stand ............................................................. 215 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 237 Chapter 4 Political Order in the Cristero Rebellion ................................................. 240 Anticlericalism and the Path to Armed Resistance ........................................... 244 Agraristas in Times of Crisis ............................................................................ 260 Governance in Times of Crisis ......................................................................... 288 vi Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 308 Chapter 5 Socialist Education and the Second Cristero Rebellion .......................... 313 The National Discourse on Education .............................................................. 318 The Reform in Action and the Struggle for the Countryside ............................ 327 The Rochista Rebellion in Los Altos de Jalisco ............................................... 363 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 376 Epilogue .................................................................................................................... 378 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 387 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: General de División, Enrique Estrada ....................................................... 37 Figure 2: Generals during the de la Huerta Rebellion .............................................. 52 Figure 3: José Guadalupe Zuno, Alfredo Romo, and Carlos Orozco Romero ......... 104 Figure 4: Map of Ciudad Guzmán Conspiracy ......................................................... 203 Figure 5: Definitive Resolutions of Petitions in Jalisco, 1918-1932 ........................ 269 Figure 6: Map of the Administrative Regions in Jalisco .......................................... 330 Figure 7: Government Propaganda ........................................................................... 350 Figure 8: La Escuela Socialista ................................................................................. 356 Figure 9: General Lauro Rocha ................................................................................. 369 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Municipalities that did not adhere to the Government during the Estradista Rebellion ............................................................................................. 80 Table 2: Hectares Awarded by Governors in Jalisco, 1915-1935 ............................. 127 Table 3: List of the residents who have guns and ammunition (Tecolotlán, Jalisco) ................................................................................................... 213 Table 4: Schools under the Department of Federal Education in Jalisco (January 1935) ................................................................................................ 333 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My family is from rural Jalisco. They called it home for generations upon generations, since anyone could recall. The difficult circumstances of the 1970s, however, forced many of them to seek greener pastures elsewhere and to try their luck in Guadalajara and El Norte. I began this dissertation as a quest to understand the history of my grandfather Jesús Cayetano. He was born during the heyday of the Mexican Revolution and lived as a cotemporary of the many events that I narrate. He passed on well before I came of age, but he had long awakened in me a curiosity for the past. My abuelo did not have much formal schooling, but he did know how to sign his name. It wasn’t until I found myself conducting archival research for the first time in Mexico City that I came to realize just how important and significant this was. My first thanks are to him. I am part of the first-generation of my family born in the United States. And I can honestly say were it not for an athletic scholarship to the University of California, Riverside, which allowed me to go to college in the first place, I would not be here writing these acknowledgments. Over the course of my academic career I have become indebted to many wonderful people who have touched my life, offered encouragement, criticism when needed, and have made me a better scholar and human being. I want to thank my advisor Eric Van Young. It has been nothing short of a privilege to study under Eric. He is kind, witty, and saying that he is generous with his time is an understatement. I am still amazed by the time and effort he dedicates to his students. He facilitated an environment that allowed me to be ambitious, but kept me grounded. He has always x challenged me to pay attention to the little things. Eric has provided me with a model of what a scholar should be. Next, I want to thank Christine Hünefeldt who brought me to UCSD. I learned a great deal about Latin American history from Christine. She also went out of her way to make me feel at home and instilled in me the importance of camaraderie. The many trips to Aguanga still bring a smile to my face. I was extremely fortunate to have come in with an amazing cohort: Manuel Morales and James Deavenport. While we indeed became colleagues on the first day, I can now proudly say that we are lifelong friends. I also want to thank Danny Widener for his friendship and encouragement. We fought, lost, and won many battles on the pitch, but I am grateful that he has always reminded me that there is much life