Model SOP for Training Purposes Only Firetactics.com Model SOP Standard Operating Procedure Firetactics.com Paul Grimwood FIFireE ‐ SOP 1/Version 2/2009 1. TACTICAL DEPLOYMENT INTO FIRE INVOLVED STRUCTURES Sections 1. Purpose 1. Purpose The following bulletin serves as a training 2. Pre‐planning document that covers a range of critical 3. Information ‘in’ tasking issues associated with the safe 4. Risk Management and effective deployment of firefighters 5. Information ‘out’ into fire involved structures. It is not a 6. Situation Awareness complete SOP by any means but simply 7. Staffing stands to inform of a risk‐assessed 8. Water Supply process for compartment and structural 9. Primary Attack fire‐fighting. 10. Search & Rescue However, this document may serve as a 11. Securing Team Safety model upon which more detailed 12. Tactical Ventilation operational procedures may be 13. Primary (First Response) Command & Control developed. 14. Accountability 15. BA Emergency Procedure All students are strongly advised to follow 16. Communication their own departmental SOPs at all times. 17. Principal Officer (First Chief) Command & Control Any deviation from such procedure must 18. Large Volume Structures only be made with good reason and 19. High‐rise Buildings should be held accountable at a later stage. 20. The Most Common Reasons for Traumatic Fire‐fighter Life Losses 2. Pre‐planning It is essential that familiarization visits are made to all large volume structures, or those presenting excessive or unusual risks, so that plans may are organised and provided on‐site in special premises information boxes located at main entry points. Alternatively, these may be held on computer terminals and down loaded into a fire engine’s computer system as they arrive on‐scene. 2.1 Essential Criteria of Pre‐planning o Implement a system of risk profiling and familiarization visits o Record and document visits and make plans available on the primary response o Ensure that building plans and pre‐plans relay critical information to the fire service o Pre‐plans must be easy to access and read through bulleted points of importance 3. Information ‘in’ Even before arrival on‐scene the crew commanders will be taking in key pieces of information. The dispatcher may be passing on some vital communications and even from a distance there may be important fire behaviour indicators visible. On arrival the fire commander must then carry out a sixty‐ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 1 SOP 1:Version 2/2009 Model SOP for Training Purposes Only Firetactics.com second reconnaissance. Some call this the ‘size‐up’ and during these vital first few seconds following arrival the commander must attempt to locate the area and extent of fire involvement. Occupant status must also be ascertained and information pertaining to any special risks such as gas cylinders should be sought from bystanders. A view should be sought of as many sides of the involved structure as possible and if the structure is small (less than 100 sq.m) then a 360 degree walk around should be attempted. This may provide critical information as to the fire’s location or stage of development. 3.1 60‐Second ‘Size‐up’ (Information ‘in) o Sixty second reconnaissance o 360 degree walk‐around where possible o Locate the fire and gauge the extent of fire development o Ascertain occupant status o Establish special risks 4. Risk Management Risk Management is sometimes confused with ‘Size‐up’ but it shouldn’t be. Size‐up is information gathering whereas Risk Assessment is an on‐scene balance of probability calculation that assesses the level of acceptable exposure to risk for firefighters against the potential gains. The risk managed approach follows this process – 4.1 The Key Principles of Assessing and Managing Risk o Identify the exposure to risk o Accept the level of risk where correctly balanced against the potential for gain, or o Remove the risk, or o Implement risk control measures that will lessen the risk to an acceptable level 5. Information ‘out’ Commanders must be certain that they have obtained reasonably reliable information and that they communicate relevant points to firefighters before they are deployed. Pre‐deployment briefings must be clear and concise in delivering viable objectives. Where firefighters are deployed without clear instructions they may not achieve the objectives at all and may deploy without purpose or direction. It is absolutely critical that key information is communicated clearly, shared with all personnel in terms of relevance and updated as necessary. 5.1 Information ‘out’ – Key Factors o Before firefighters are deployed they should be effectively briefed as to their tactical objectives o Pre‐deployment briefings must be clear and concise and given in a calm manner o Communicate effectively by ensuring the right message is received o Share information with key personnel and other commanders 6. Situation Awareness Situation awareness and firefighter disorientation are two completely different states. A lack of situation awareness is the result of from poor training or a lack of conditioning. It costs lives. It means that commanders or firefighters are unable to identify the real issues of importance and this is often the result of ‘tunnel vision’ 6.1 How to increase Situational Awareness o Train personnel to identify and prioritise the real issues on‐scene o Train firefighters effectively in order to discourage ‘tunnel vision’ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2 SOP 1:Version 2/2009 Model SOP for Training Purposes Only Firetactics.com o Ensure training is regular and realistic in order to enhance a calm approach at all times – this stems from a high level of fire‐ground experience but may also evolve within a truly effective training culture where ‘real life’ experience might be lacking o Include ‘situation response’ and situation aware’ training in your programme 7. Staffing The issue of staffing is directly related to a performance index when considering primary tasking during those vital first few minutes when the initial response arrives on scene. Put quite simply, a fewer number of well‐trained firefighters will generally out perform a larger number of poorly trained firefighters in achieving primary objectives. However, there are limitations on the minimum number of firefighters who are able to function safely and effectively. A Critical Task Performance Index (CTPI) is one way of assessing the performance capability, within realistic, safe and effective limits, of variable sized teams of firefighters in achieving tactical objectives in specific situations. 7.1 Typical (Essential) Primary Fire‐ground Tasks o Incident Command o Fire attack & exposure protection o Exterior rescues o Interior search & rescue o Pump Operation o BA Control (Accountability) o Continuous water supply o Secondary support hose‐line/s 8. Water Supply Where firefighters have been deployed into a fire building a continuous or plentiful water supply must be provided before their hose‐line empties first‐aid water tanks. This is critical! To run out of water whilst they are advancing on the fire is something that must be avoided under any circumstance. 8.1 Continuous Water Supply – Key Factors o Establish a continuous flow of water before attack hose‐lines run dry, or o Evacuate firefighters to the exterior immediately, prior to water running out at the nozzle 9. Primary Attack The ability to get water on the fire as quickly as possible is perhaps one of the most important parts of tactical deployment. However, this tactical objective must still be addressed from a tactical mode (offensive or defensive) and be tasked in order of priority (rescue .v. fire attack), in accordance with the staffing and resources on scene. A well‐placed and effectively flowed hose‐line may serve to save many lives on its own. What is important to realise is that interior search operations should only normally take place under the protection of a primary attack hose‐line in place working on the fire and protecting the search teams escape route. The only exception to this would be a known and confirmed life risk (occupant/s) existing within a few feet of the entry point to the structure (or fire involved area) that are either seen or heard. In this situation, a self deployment using a rapid deployment BA board is acceptable, working ahead of the placement of the primary attack hose‐line, in order to attempt a ‘snatch rescue’. At all times the ‘risk versus gain’ assessment must be considered. ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3 SOP 1:Version 2/2009 Model SOP for Training Purposes Only Firetactics.com 9.1 Primary Fire Attack Hose‐line ‐ Considerations o Get water onto the fire as quickly as possible o A well placed hose‐line may save lives in itself o Interior search should not take place without a hose‐line in place on the fire floor o The only exception to this rule is for known life risk near the entry point o At all times try to coordinate both fire attack and interior search together o The attack hose‐line team should never leave their nozzle until relieved by other firefighters, or where the fire has been completely and fully suppressed, unless they are forced to evacuate themselves o It is a tactical error to deviate from your objective without good reason. If the primary line is tasked with locating and attacking the fire, do not deviate into a search pattern for occupants away from the fire. The hose‐line is needed at the fire! 10. Search & Rescue An interior search & rescue operation for potentially trapped occupants is possibly one of the most dangerous tasks a firefighter may ever attempt. It is critical that the ‘risk versus gain’ assessment is made, that crews are effectively briefed pre‐deployment and updated with the latest information as the search proceeds. If at any time all occupants are subsequently accounted for, the search & rescue crew should immediately be called out of the building.