Topic C - Proportion and Construction group 4 Villa Stein de Monzie Le Corbusier Josephine Baker House Adolf Loos Floris Coolen, Tim Maier, Percijn Vlaming 4 | C Architectural Analysis | Raumplan versus Plan Libre Content I. Essay 6 II. Analysis Villa Stein de Monzie Le Corbusier 12 .1 Project description 14 .2 Context 22 .3 Exterior 23 .4 Interior 30 .5 Conclusion 47 .6 Bibliography 48 III. Essay 49 IV. Analysis Josephine Baker House Adolf Loos 55 .1 Project description 55 .2 Context 62 .3 Exterior 63 .4 Interior 70 .5 Conclusion 85 .6 Bibliography 86 V. Comparison Villa Stein de Monzie - Josephine Baker House 87 Raumplan versus Plan Libre | Architectural Analysis C | 5 I. Essay Proportion 6 | C Architectural Analysis | Raumplan versus Plan Libre Proportion _History in architecture of nature and houses should be constructed with natural (The Four Books of Architecture). materials, so that these materials will give them shelter Le Corbusier (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris), 6 October The dictionary defi nes proportion as: 1350–1400; ME against the elements. This type of building was infl uenced 1887 in La Chaux-de-Fonds - Switzerland , August 27 1965 proporcio(u)n < L prōportiōn- (s. of prōportiō) symmetry, by the ancient Greek, who invented the architectural orders: Roquebrune-Cap-Martin Nice-France, was a Swiss-French analogy or balance: comparative relation between things Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. This invention gave Vitruvius a architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter. Le Corbusier or magnitudes as to size, quantity, number, etc.; proper sense of proportion, culminating in his understanding of the developed the Modulor (±1948) in a continuation of the long relation between things or parts: to have tastes way out proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body. tradition of Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci`s Vitruvian Man, of proportion to one’s fi nancial means; a portion or part in the work of Alberti and others that did research about the its relation to the whole: Mathematics. a relation of four “Without symmetry and proportion there can be no principles mathematical proportions in the human body. Le Corbusier quantities such that the fi rst divided by the second is equal in the design of any temple; that is, if there is no precise placed systems of harmony and proportion at the centre point to the third divided by the fourth; the equality of ratios. relation between its members, as in the case of those of a of his design philosophy, and his faith in the mathematical Within this defi nition the architectural aspect of proportion well shaped man.” (_Vitrivius) order of the universe was closely bound to the golden section is clarifi ed, but the essence of the architectural meaning and the Fibonacci series, which he described as “rhythms of proportion can only be understood with a historical view In the Renaissance period several important architects apparent to the eye and clear in their relations with one of proportion. In the history of architecture there are three studied and tried to refi ne the system of proportions that was another. Le Corbusier describes it as: “rhythms apparent to systems of proportions. The fi rst system is used by the introduced by the ancient Greeks. The Italian architect Leo the eye and clear in their relations with one another”. The Greek, based on the square. The second system was used Battista Alberti (1404-1472) studied the ‘De Architectura’, by design of the house Villa Stein-de-Monize in Garches in in the Renaissance by Andrea Palladio and Leon Battista Vitruvius, and Alberti designed a system that was based on 1927 by Le Corbusier is a good example of implementation Alberti, based on the musical ratios. The last system was the Pythagorean divisions of the octave. His work became of the Modulor system. The villa’s rectangular ground plan, introduced by Le Corbusier`s Modulor and it is was derived the fi rst architectural treatise of the Renaissance. It covered elevation, and inner structure closely approximate golden from the Golden Section. a wide range of subjects, from history to town planning, and rectangles. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (±85 -25 BC), was a Roman engineering to the philosophy of beauty. De “re aedifi catoria”, architect and engineer, probably born in Formiae (now was not fully published until 1485, after which it became a “Art is poetry: the emotion of the senses , the joy of the Formie), Italy. Vitrivius was an artillery engineer in the major reference for many architects. Another Italian architect mind as it measures and appreciates, the recognition of an service of the fi rst Roman emperor, Augustus. He is mostly in the Renaissance, Andrea Palladio (1508 – 1580), was axial principle which touches the depth of our being. Art is known for his writings in his Ten books of Architecture, ‘De also infl uenced by the Roman and Greek architecture. The thus pure creation of the spirit which shows us, at certain Architectura’. The writings were famous because Vitruvius architectural work of Palladio, known as the Palladian Style, heights, the summit of the creation to which man is capable describes in his book how a structure must exhibit the three adhered to the classical Roman principles that Palladian of attaining. And man is capable of great happiness when qualities of fi rmitas, utilitas and venustas (durable, useful rediscovered, implemented in his works and underlines in he feels that he is creating” (_Le Corbusier|Precisions) and beautiful). Vitruvius refers architecture to an imitation the publication of his treatise “Quattro Libri dell’Architettura” Raumplan versus Plan Libre | Architectural Analysis C | 7 Raumplan versus Plan Libre _Le Corbusier The shelter is a solid hut that is constructed by the stakes of through the given statics of the existing building principles the hut that are placed in a square, a hexagon, an octagon. of that period of time a regulating line was introduced. The _Proportion The construction is protected with a strong palisade and the regulating line was used to rectify, correct, perfect and The regulated line and its geometrical function gives the men drive stakes where the ropes of the high posts of the combine all distinctive components with a single unifying mind a perception of order. It is an event of a visual nature: barrier will be secured. The opening of the shelter is created principle. This principle is determined by a 3-4-5 triangle, an event of implying judgments of quantities, of relationships: by an opening in the palisade which is placed on the axis of which develops from the portal to the summit of the vault. the appreciation of proportions. These proportions provoke the door of the sanctuary. This plan and the diagram of the The Capitol in Rome is a design by the architect sensations; they create a satisfaction of a spiritual order that plan show strong similarities with the plan of a house, it is a Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1536–1546. The design is leads to a search of ingenious relationships and harmonic plan of a temple. The lines are described by measurements conceived in its site and Michelangelo determined the mass relationships. It is the fi rst manifestation in architecture of a that are identifi able by the builder. The builder established from the surrounding volume and space. The mass collects man creating his unique universe, creating it in the image order by measurements: the builder used his pace, his foot, from its environment, it concentrates and unifi es itself. With of nature, subscribing to the laws of nature, to the laws that his forearm etc. The builder designed a module that regulates the regulated line, Michelangelo developed a module where determine the nature, the universe. A sovereign determinism the condition of the whole. The worker designs a system the angle between the lines helped him to implement his makes it accessible the natural creation for our eyes. It is that is harmony with him, it is based on the geometry of the intentions, to repeat the same principle that determines the recognizable and provides the certainty of something that human scale. The module introduces rhythms, the distance large divisions of the pavilions, slope of the stairways, the is balanced and reasonably made, of something that is between objects, rhythms that are clear in their relationships position of the windows etc. modulated. and sensible for the human eye. The rhythms are the root In this last example Le Corbusier implements the regulated The choice of the use of a regulating line determines the of human activity and they are organically inevitable. “This line in a design of housing. In this house the main block of fundamental impressions of the architecture; the choice is is the same inevitability that inscribes the golden section in the facades, the front as well as the back, are prescribed one the vital moments of inspiration and was already used by children, in the elderly, in the savages and in the educated. by the same angle. This angle also determines a diagonal the primitive man, who created a module of regulating lines, A module measures and unifi es, a regulating line constructs whose many parallels and perpendiculars provide accurate with the use of human scale to make his task easier. The and satisfi es. ”The Greek implemented order and proportion measurements for the secondary elements, doors, windows Greeks, the Egyptians, the famous artist Michelangelo and in their temples. The façade of the Arsenal in Peiraeus etc. many others used regulating lines for measurements and was determined by several simple divisions. The base is correctness in their buildings. They obtained the satisfaction designed in proportion to the height, this also determines of their artistic sense and their mathematical thought.