Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1991 Systematics of Rudbeckia Subgenera Macrocline and Laciniata (Asteraceae: Heliantheae: Rudbeckiinae). Patricia Blackwell Cox Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Cox, Patricia Blackwell, "Systematics of Rudbeckia Subgenera Macrocline and Laciniata (Asteraceae: Heliantheae: Rudbeckiinae)." (1991). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5112. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5112 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Beil & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 9200055 Systematics ofRudbeckia subgenera Macrocline and Laciniata (Asteraceae:Heliantheae:Rudbeckiinae) Cox, Patricia Blackwell, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1991 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. SYSTEMATICS OF RUDBECKIA SUBGENERA MACROCLINE AND LACINIATA (ASTERACEAE:HELIANTHEAE:RUDBECKIINAE) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Botany by Patricia B. Cox B.S., Northeast Louisiana University, 1976 M.S., Northeast Louisiana University, 1978 May 1991 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS So many individuals have contributed to this project, that it is difficult to know where to begin the acknowledgments. I would like to thank the Louisiana State University Department of Botany for allowing me the opportunity to return to LSU to complete my degree. I would especially like to thank Dr. Shirley Tucker for her support throughout these last five years, particularly in the beginning when she supported me on her grant, so I could prove myself worthy of being a graduate student in this department. I also express my gratitude to my other committee members, Drs. Meredith Blackwell, Russell Chapman and Dorothy Pashley, for their encouragement and input into this study. I would like to acknowledge the help of my peers and friends, without them many aspects of this work could not have been accomplished. Special thanks go to Dr. Alan Lievens for his endless support as my friend, office mate, and collecting partner; Elizabeth Harris for aid in collecting and on discussions concerning composites; Marie Standifer for being a second Mom and good friend; Dr. Nickolaus Fischer for funding several collecting trips to obtain Rudbeckia for my work as well has his; Kristin Reil for spending many hours making and counting pollen slides, without her aid a lot of the little things that go along with scientific ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. research could not have been done; Lori Ridgdell for the beautiful job of illustrating the achenes and bracts; Dr. Sharon Matthews for assistance with electron and light microscopy, and lastly I would like to recognize Mrs. Florence Givens as my friend and colleague whose work in the herbarium made my work a little easier. Other friends I would like to mention who offered encouragement and support are, Dr. Kittie Derstine, Dr. Jose Ramirez Dominich, Dr. Marshall Sundberg, Paul McKenzie, Sue Langevin, Amy Korman, and Kathy Thompson. I would also like to thank my parents Thurman and Twila Blackwell and my in-laws Melvin and Lucille Cox, without their help with the children, I would have required several more years to finish. Next, I would like to recognize the help of fellow botanists who collected live plants, seeds, or information of Rudbeckia in their areas. Therefore, I would like to thank and express my gratitude to Drs. Meredith Lane, Walter Kelly, Neil Harriman, Richard Pippen, Loren Anderson, R. Dale Thomas, Charles Allen, and Louisiana Heritage botanists, Nelwyn McKinnis and Latimore Smith. Acknowledgements are also gratefully made to the curators of the following herbaria for loans of Rudbeckia; ASTC, COLO, F, FLAS, FSU, GA, GH, JEPS, LAF, LL, MINN, MO, NCU, NLU, NMC, OS, OSC, RM, SDU, SMU, TENN, TEX, UC, UNA, US, and VSC. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I also thank the University of Tennessee Botany Department for providing space and equipment which allowed me to continue my research after my husband was transferred to Knoxville. Drs. Jose Panero, Edward Schilling, and Eugene Wofford were instrumental in making this degree a reality. I express my deepest gratitude to my major Professor, Dr. Lowell Urbatsch, who took me back as a graduate student after a five year absence and at times has sacrificed his own research to help with mine. He has been a great mentor and friend, and I am proud to have been his student. Lastly, I am most thankful to my husband, Melvin, whose encouragement and support has been my strength throughout this struggle of being a wife, mother, student, and teacher. My children, Ami, Melanie, Patrick, and Maxwell also deserve to be recognized. They have survived my quest for this degree and hopefully, someday will understand why it was so important. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................ ii LIST OF TABLES.......................................viii LIST OF FIGURES........................................ xi LIST OF PLATES........................................ xiv ABSTRACT ....................................................... XV INTRODUCTION........................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: SYSTEMATICS OF RUDBECKIA.SUBG.MACROCLINE. A. INTRODUCTION.................................. 4 B. TAXONOMIC HISTORY............................. 6 C. MATERIALS AND METHODS........................ 9 D. RESULTS....................................... 14 1. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS...................14 2. FLAVONOID ANALYSIS...................... 19 3. CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS....................20 4. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.....................21 5. CLADISTIC ANALYSIS...................... 23 E. DISCUSSION.................................... 24 F. CONCLUSIONS................................... 27 G. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT...........................29 H. TABLES........................................ 72 I. FIGURES........................................100 J. LITERATURE CITED.............................. 120 CHAPTER 2: SYSTEMATICS OF RUDBECKIA SUBG.LACINIATA A. INTRODUCTION.................................. 127 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. B. LITERATURE REVIEW............................ 128 1. TAXONOMIC HISTORY.......................... 128 2. CYTOLOGICAL AND EMBRYOLOGICAL HISTORY 130 3. CHEMICAL HISTORY........................... 132 C. MATERIALS AND METHODS........................ 132 D. RESULTS and DISCUSSION....................... 134 1. MORPHOMETRIC STUDIES....................134 2. CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES.....................137 3. CHEMICAL STUDIES........................ 138 4. CLADISTIC ANALYSIS......................138 E. CONCLUSIONS................................... 140 F. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT.........................