Jo urnal of Global Leadership Volume VI December 2018 Editor: Dr. June Schmieder-Ramirez www.icglconferences.com 1 2 egg pupa larva 3 4 Refereed Journal Articles from the International Center for Global Leadership Conference in Belize July 19-23, 2018 Executive Editor: Dr. June Schmieder-Ramirez Pepperdine University ISBN 978-0-9904431-0-0 Editorial Policy: The Journal of Global Leadership is a refereed, peer-reviewed, journal with entries submitted and selected from the annual International Center for 5 Global Leadership Conference held in Placencia, Belize in June/July of each year, (www.icglconferences.com). We invite submissions from all disciplines as long as the topic is related to global leadership in any field. We do not guarantee that all presenters at the conference will be published at the Journal of Global Leadership. However, all presentations are in the proceedings. We have had submissions related to law, higher education and health among other topics. For those who submit, registration in the annual conference is required. The registration fee is tax deductible as is the trip since the International Center for Global Leadership organization is non-profit. A tax ID number is available upon request. The editorial style that is accepted is the latest version of the APA Editorial Guide. Submission of papers may be made by those who do not attend the conference. However, the author does agree to take on registration for that year’s conference. Contributions to the Journal of Global Leadership should be 8-14 pages including the list of references at the end of the manuscript. Manuscripts should be in spacing 6 1.5 between lines and have margins of at least ¾ inch. It is the responsibility of the author to check all content and correct citations and references. If you have charts or tables please be sure they fit within 8 ½ high and 5 ½ “wide page size.” Authors should submit the manuscript as an email attachment to: [email protected]. Include your address for mailing. Publication dates, publication and correspondence The Journal of Global Leadership is published in December. Instructions for ordering copies can be found on the website for the conference: www.icglconferences.com. The editor may edit the contributions for clarity or language. Opinions of the author(s) are their own and may not represent the opinions of the editorial board or staff of the Journal of Global Leadership. If your manuscript is accepted, you may email your final submission to: [email protected]. Upon receipt of the final manuscript, the author(s) will be required to sign a release form that permits publication in the Journal of Global Leadership. 7 The Journal of Global Leadership is published in December and June by the editorial board connected with the International for Global Leadership: A non-profit organization. Purchase of the journal may be made by sending $29.99 to: The Center for Global Leadership 30141 Antelope Rd #D780 Menifee, CA 92584 Any changes in address, orders, may be sent to the above address. The editor of this publication is Dr. June Schmieder-Ramirez, Program Director, PhD in Global Leadership & Change, and Chair, Leadership Studies, Pepperdine University. BIOGRAPHY Dr. June Schmieder-Ramirez Dr. Schmieder-Ramirez is currently Chair of the Leadership Studies at Pepperdine University. She oversees the PhD in Global Leadership and Change. She has co-authored several texts on finance and is the editor of the Journal of Global Leadership. Dr. Schmieder has extensive experience in education and business consulting including serving as school 8 business manager, associate superintendent for business services and superintendent of schools. She is the coauthor of several texts on law, finance and personnel. She teaches courses in legal and sociopolitical theory. Her research interests include cyber law and e-commerce. She founded the “Hermanas Escuelas” program which provides computers to indigenous Mexican youth as well as students in Los Angeles and Riverside counties. She facilitates the International Center for Global Leadership Conference every June/July at the Roberts Grove Conference Center in Placencia, Belize. She is very interested in the topic of technology and how technology may help developing economies. The Next International Center for Global Leadership Conference June 22-23, 2019 Placencia, Belize Register at www.icglconferences.com 9 Table of Contents Global Leadership Reflection of Belize: Ya Da Fu We (Belizean Independence) By Ed Eng …………………………………………. 11 Belizean Tongues: The Socioeconomics of Language and Education in Belize By Rachel Guettler ………………………………… 31 Global Mindset and Mobile Health Education Exchange Initiative By Marsha E. Nickerson …………………………… 57 mHealth: Achieving Equitable Healthcare in Emerging Countries Using Mobile Technologies By Theresa Dawson ………………………………… 74 Growth Strategy for Belize By Ramzan Amiri …………………………………. 100 Online Learning Academy By Arwa Abuhaimed and Ramzan Amiri ……… 116 Supporting the Maya children of Tumul K’in in Toledo, Belize By Juanatano Cano ……………………………… 138 Painting the Invisible Bridge: A Working Concept for Global Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging for Women in Japan By Brandon Oliva………………………………… 161 10 How Innovative Leadership will move ESRM Implementation Forward By Juan Oliva Pulido……………………………. 189 Academic Integration among College Students with Disabilities and the Effect of Time to Program Completion By Toby Tomlinson Baker……………………… 209 Addressing the Shame Imposed by Healthcare Providers on Individuals with HIV/AIDS By Tabia Richardson……………………..…… 249 Exploring the Need for Social Emotional Learning Programs: A New Model for Mental Health and Wellness By Karen M. Sarafian……………………..…… 267 11 Global Leadership Reflection of Belize: Ya Da Fu We (Belizean Independence) Presented at the International Center for Global Leadership Conference July 2018 – Placencia, Belize Ed Eng Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology I. Introduction/background Belize is home to a very functional democracy, with great emphasis on order, education, and the inclusion of all social classes in one democratic process. The country is a good example to its regional neighbors, able to carry out peaceful, cooperative elections, with a strong emphasis on participation. This political stability has contributed greatly to the country’s positive relationships with regional neighbors and with countries around the world. The stable and cooperative nature of Belize and its economy make for a healthy cooperative environment. However, in order to attract high-growth startups and investments to the country, the Belize government 12 should consider adopting alternative approaches to bring in new investment, develop a robust pipeline of skilled workers, and grow the middle class. This paper will begin with an environmental scan to assess strengths and opportunities in Belize, followed by a discussion of the main leadership challenge facing the government, and finally, a set of proposed recommendations for policy changes and action plan to strategically grow the economy. II. Environment of the issue (SPELIT) In this section, I will be using the SPELIT Power Matrix as the framework for my environmental analysis to assess the strengths and opportunities for change. This methodology was chosen over other tools because it includes a focus on the human dimension as well as other strategic factors (Schmieder-Ramirez & Mallette, 2007). Social There are distinct degrees of socioeconomic inequality based on wealth, power, and status. This unequal standing is further stratified according to skin 13 color and ethnicity. At the top echelon, there are lighter-skinned Creoles, mestizos, and newly arrived North Americans, East Indians, and Middle Easterners. These higher-level groups retain control of the two political parties and the retail trade sector. At the lower levels, there are darker-skinned Creoles and Garifuna who are largely unemployed. The Maya and Garifuna display the enduring character traits of the indigenous people. The Maya are subdivided into the Mopan and Ketchi peoples. Both groups have exorbitantly high levels of poverty and participate insignificantly in the political and socioeconomic realms. The violent crimes that happen most often are murder, manslaughter, and rape. The most widespread property crimes are robbery, burglary, and theft ("Culture of Belize - history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social, marriage," n.d.). Belizeans in urban areas expect the government to assist them in raising their children and support early education. In contrast, child rearing in rural communities is aided by family and relatives. By statue, a child has to attend primary school up to age fourteen. However, only 40 percent of primary school students progress on to secondary schools because of 14 poor test performance in the national school examination and for lack funds for tuition fees and textbooks. Overall, less than 1 percent of the population qualifies for higher education. A national university that was commenced in 1987 only offers a limited number of programs and has fewer than 500 students ("Belize School System - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System," n.d.). Belizeans use the healthcare systems in Guatemala and Mexico for medical services because of the insufficiency of health facilities and inadequacy of trained professions