'~'I ..SJ' '~ "' . SH 207 ICLARM STUDIES AND REVIEWS 4 SR76 #4 :., PhilippineMunicipalFisheries: ,~I A Reviewof Resources,Technology and Socioeconomics ,:j IAN R. SMITH, MIGUEL'f.PUZON ~.. and CARMEN N.VIDAL-LiBUNAO 11!~ FISHERVINDUSTRY :.Ie"'S' -~. '\(f;I(>I.\ AQUATICINTERNATIONAL RESOURCES CENTER MANAGEMENT FOR LIVING ~) DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL I/ / . -; -~:<._:"-:;i>/-:'~,,;:;:'-:~. -~t';.:c. ;.. .:\,-.c '-'- \; Philippine Municipal Fisheries: A Review of Resources,Tec hnology and Socioeconomics Philippiney Municipal Fisheries: A Review of Resources, Technology and Socioeconomics IAN R. >MITH, MICUEL Y PUZON and CAMENN. VIDAL-LIBUNAO INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING FISHERY INDUSTRY n AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL Philippine Municipal Fisheries: A Review of Resources, Technology and Socioeconomics By IANR. SMITH,MIGUELY. PUZON and CARMENN. VIDAL-LIBUNAO Published jointly by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MCC Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, and the Fishery Industry Development Council, 6th Floor, Philippine Heart Center for Asia Bldg., East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City. Printed in Manila, Philippines Smith, I.R., M.Y. Puzon and C.N. Vidal-Libunao. 1980. Philippine Municipal Fisheries: A Review of Resources, Technology and Socioeconomics. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 4,87 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, and the Fishery Industry Development Council, Manila. Cover: The four cover photographs indicate aspects of Phiippine municipal fisheries: mixed gill net catch; beach landings for bancas; fishing village with little if any land ownership, and a municipal retail market where much of the municipal catch ultimately reaches the consumer, emphasizing the market rather than subsistence orientation of municipal fisheries. ISSN 0115-4389 Contents Preface ............................................. ix List of Abbreviations .................................... vii Abstract ............................................ 1 Introduction.......................................... 1 I Overview of the Municipal Fisheries Sector ...................... 3 II Municipal Fisheries Resources .............................. 9 III Technology of Municipal Fishermen .......................... 27 lV Socioeconomics of Production and Distribution .................. 47 V Municipal Fisheries Development Programs ..................... 63 M Conclusion: Implications for Management and Research ............ 73 Acknowledgments ...................................... 77 Bibliography.......................................... 79 Appendix1 .......................................... 82 Appendix2 .......................................... 83 Appendix3 .......................................... 84 List of Abbreviations ACA - Agricultural Credit Administration Philippines ADB - Asian Development Bank NEDA - National Economic and Development AID - Agency for International Development Authority BAEcon - Bureau of Agricultural Economics NEPC - National Environmental Protection Council BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources NFAC - National Food and Agriculture Council CB - Central Bank of the Philippines NMPC - National Media Production Center DA - Department of Agriculture NSDB - National Science Development Board DAP - Development Academy of the Philippines PCARR - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Re- DBP - Development Bank of the Philippines sources Research DNR - Department of Natural Resources (now PD 704 . - Presidential Decree 704, otherwise known Ministry) as the Fishery Decree of 1975. FA0 - Food and Agriculture Organization of the PFMA - Philippine Fish Marketing Authority United Nations PNB - Philippine National Bank FIDC - Fishery Industry Development Council PREPF - Population, Resources, Environment and FIRM - Fishery Resources Management Program the Philippine Future GOP - Government of the Philippines SCSP - South China Sea Fisheries Development ICLARM - International Center for Living Aquatic and Coordinating Programme Resources Management SEAFDEC - Southeast Asian Fisheries Development IFDR - Institute of Fisheries Development and Center Research SEARCA - Southeast Asian Regional Center for IOP - Indian Ocean Program Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture IPFC - Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council SFSCP - Small Fishermen Special Credit Fund ISEAS - Institute of Southeast Asian Studies UNDP - United Nations Development Programme LBP - Land Bank of the Philippines UPCF - University of the Philippines College of LLDA - Laguna Lake Development Authority Fisheries MLGCD - Ministry of Local Government and UPLB - University of the Philippines at Los BaTos Community Development USAID - United States Agency for International MNR - Ministry of Natural Resources Development MSC - Marine Sciences Center, University of the WB - World'Bank Preface As part of its research program on traditional fisheries, and institutional aspects of traditional fisheries produc- the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources tion and distribution. Management (ICLARM), in cooperation with other fish- "Philippine Municipal Fisheries: A Review of Re- eries organizations, is preparing a series of publications sources, Technology, and Socioeconomics" is the first that review research conducted to date on the problems of these country-specific reviews. A joint undertaking of of traditional fisheries and on development policies and ICLARM and the Fishery Industry Development Council programs that seek to alleviate them. The first mono- (FIDC), Ministry of Natural Resources, Republic of the graph prepared in this connection, "A Research Frame- Philippines, it synthesizes publicly available research work for Traditional Fisheries" (Smith 1979a), serves as studies and secondary data. As such, it is not a state- a theoretical backdrop against which country-specific ment of official Philippine government policy on mu- reviews are being undertaken. Country-specific papers nicipal fisheries, although conclusions of the study cover the resources, technology, and the socioeconomic may have implications for such policy. M. Y. PvZON and C. N. VIDAL-LIBUNAO,FIDC January 1980 Philippine Municipal Fisheries: A Review of Resources, Technology and Socioeconomics IAN R. SMITH, MIGUEL Y. PUZON AND CARMEN N. VIDAL-LIBUNAO Abstract Smith, I. R., M. Y. Puzon and C. N. Vidal-Libunao. 1980. Philippine municipal fisheries: A review of re- sources, technology and socloeconomics. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 4, 87 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, and the Fishery Industry Development Council, Manila. Recent research findings related to the technology and socioeconomics of small-scale municipal fishermen in the Philippines and the "open-access" resources they exploit are reviewed. Evidence is provided of a trend towards overfishing of Philippine coastal waters, and of a willingness among fishermen to consider alternative activities to capture fishing. Also documented is the encouraging shift in emphasis in government programs from a resource "develop- ment" orientation to one of resource "management." The review concludes with a discussion of the impli- cations of these research findings to fisheries management and research. Introduction The last decade has seen a rapidly growing interest it became apparent that technological change could not, throughout the world in the economic and social aspects to borrow a phrase from Alexander's (1975) study of of traditional small-scale fisheries development. Prior to Sri Lanka fisheries, take place in a cultural vacuum. the 1970s it was widely believed that the key to raising As was true in many other parts of the world, interest the living conditions of traditional fishermen could be developed in the Philippines for socioeconomic research found in improved vessel and gear technology. Develop- to precede and complement development programs aimed ment projects of the 1950s and 1960s reflected this at the small-scale fisheries sector. The first research to emphasis in their concentration on improved production result from this shift of emphasis in the Philippines were techniques, almost to the exclusion of other nontech- the community studies by Baum and Maynard (1976a, nical considerations (Sainsbury 1977). As difficulties b,c,d,e) which, in addition to the measurement of certain with this approach grew, despite some limited successes, social indicators (income, house ownership, and housing standards), also assessed attitudes of municipal fisher- Marine and Inland Fisheries Committee of the Philip- men to occupational and geographic change.' Many pine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research studies similar in nature, though richer in data, have (PCARR), and from planning efforts of the Bureau of either followed or are in the planning stage. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and the FIX. In addition to these fishing community studies, three Rather, this review will build on the earlier work of recent research projects have shed considerable light on Samson (1977) and of Samson et al. (1977) by sum- the relationship of the production sector to the distribu- marizing empirical data on resources, technology, and tion sector, and on the "suki" relationships that link the socioeconomics, much of which have been collected two (Cuyos and Spoehr 1976; Jocano and Veloro 1976; since that time, and by suggesting certain broad areas for Hopkins and McCoy 1976). research concentration. This review is based almost ex- Other marketing