Webinar Transcript Herstory: The Movement to End Sexual Violence Slide 1: It’s possible that many of us have limited knowledge about the history of anti-sexual violence movements. Much of the history that is widely known and taught starts in the 1970s and excludes the long history of organizing against sexual violence and intersecting forms of oppression. People have been organizing underground and grassroots supports for survivors of sexual violence throughout history, starting with communities of color and other marginalized communities. The history of sexual violence and movements to end it date far back in history, but often with little written history on record. Movements to support survivors have included efforts that are highly organized and fragmented, community based and government or institution sponsored, resistance-oriented, and everything in between. While the history provided here is just skimming the surface, it offers a snapshot of the efforts over the last several centuries to support survivors and end sexual violence. Slide 2: The history of rape in the United States is a history of racism and sexism intertwined. Indigenous communities experienced sexual violence by European colonizers beginning in the 16th century when they came to what is now known as the United States. “Rape was uncommon in traditional matrilineal Native societies, but that changed with the arrival of Europeans who misconstrued nudity and sexual autonomy for promiscuity and immorality” (Gerolami, 2016). Rape and other forms of sexual violence were used as tools of oppression and conquest against Indigenous communities, with this legacy of violence against Native communities continuing today. Slide 3: Raping a Black woman was not a crime for the majority of this Nation's history. The slave owner's exploitation of the black woman's sexuality was one of the most significant factors differentiating the experience of slavery for males and females. Rape was used as a tool to both force enslaved women into submission and to further the profit of slaveholders through breeding. Today, there remains a deep connection between centuries of institutionalized slavery, Black women’s bodies, and current anti-black racial oppression. Webinar Transcript Herstory: The Movement to End Sexual Violence Slide 4: 1848 — The Women’s Rights Convention of 1848 was the first major national organizing event around women’s rights in the United States. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone and Lucretia Mott, organizers and participants of the event, are considered among the mothers of the early feminist movement. Delegates attending the convention voted and passed the Declaration of Sentiments calling on women to organize and petition for their rights. Women of color in attendance at the Women’s Rights Convention were not permitted to vote in the passage of the declaration. That discriminatory decision contributed to a disconnect between white women and women of color within the women’s rights movement that continues to have an impact today. 1851 — Sojourner Truth delivered her famous “Ain’t I a Woman” speech at the Women’s Convention in Akron, Ohio, powerfully demanding that the experiences of black women be heard and included in the larger discussion about women’s rights. 1866 — The Memphis riots of 1866 in Tennessee were ignited by racial tensions following the Civil War. Mobs of white civilians and white policemen attacked Black neighborhoods, assaulting and killing Black men, women, and children. During a Congressional investigation of the riots, a group of Black women survivors testified before Congress about gang rapes perpetrated by white mobs during the riots. These women were perhaps the first to break the silence of rape. 1885 — The issue of rape, race, women, and slavery was addressed by a significant Supreme Court case, Missouri v. Celia. Celia was an enslaved Black woman who was convicted of murdering her owner, Robert Newsom. Celia’s case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Missouri, with the argument that she had killed Newsom to protect herself from being raped by him. The Supreme Court refused the appeal, declaring Celia to be the property of her owner with no right to defend herself against sexual assault. 1890s — Black women such as Ida B. Wells-Barnett took leadership roles in anti-lynching campaigns to combat existing rape laws that did not protect black women, but did justify the lynching of a black man when they were accused of raping white women. At that time, rape was a capital offense only when Black man raped a white woman — the rape of a Black woman was not even considered a crime. 1896 — The hundreds of Black women’s clubs that had formed across the country were organized into the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), in response to the anti-lynching campaign of Ida B. Wells and the need for a more powerful national group. Through the NACW, thousands of clubwomen across the country devoted their efforts to a range of political, social, and economic reforms, including housing, education, health care, childcare, job training, wage equity, voter registration, and the anti-lynching campaign. Webinar Transcript Herstory: The Movement to End Sexual Violence Slide 5: From the earliest days of America to today, African American women have been at the forefront of movements against sexual violence and rape. Long before Rosa Parks became the “patron saint of the Bus Boycott”, she was an anti-rape activist and investigator. 1944 — Recy Taylor, a Black woman living in Alabama, was kidnapped and raped by six white men. Although the men admitted to the rape, the investigation was undermined by local law enforcement and two grand juries declined to indict the men, meaning no charges were ever brought. After an outcry by the local Black community, Rosa Parks formed the Committee for Equal Justice for Ms. Recy Taylor and conducted nation-wide awareness campaigns, rallies, boycotts, and advocacy to demand support and justice for Recy Taylor and other Black women who had experienced sexual violence. The case mobilized activists nationally more extensively than ever before and was an early spark leading toward the Civil Rights Movement. The 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott was in many ways was the last act in a decades-long struggle to protect Black women from sexualized violence and rape since they also were sites of sexual and racial violence for Black women, who made up the majority of the riders. Buses became the target of Black activists’ protests because they were the most visible vehicle of the system that abused African Americans daily. Organized, led and sustained by these very women, the Montgomery Bus Boycott was rooted in black women’s demands for bodily integrity. 1955 — Emmett Till, a Black teenage boy, was brutally murdered for allegedly grabbing, menacing, and being sexually crude towards Carolyn Bryant, a white woman. Emmett Till’s mother, Mamie Till Bradley, insisted on an open casket funeral to bring attention to the brutality of the murder and to the violence and racism experienced by African Americans more broadly. Tens of thousands attended his funeral or viewed his casket, and his murder was another pivotal spark of Civil Rights Movement. The men who murdered Emmett Till were acquitted, but later confessed to the murder with no consequences. Years later, Carolyn Bryant admitted that she had fabricated her testimony that Emmett Till had made any verbal or physical advances toward her. In 1959 Florida A&M University student Betty Jean Owens was raped by by four white men. It had an impact on an entire student community. Although one student was assaulted, the racial motivation of the crime and the many stories of rape of Black women by white men before it, left the student body as a whole feeling unsafe, helpless, and violated. This history is essentially an exposition on community and race-based traumatic stress inherent in a quote from a student at the time: “It was like all of us had been raped.” Webinar Transcript Herstory: The Movement to End Sexual Violence Slide 6: 1967 — A group of women involved in the group “New York Radical Women,” including Shulamith Firestone, Anne Koedt, Kathie Sarachild, and Carol Hanisch, began the first Consciousness-Raising group in New York City. These groups gave women a place to speak about issues in their own lives, including sexual violence, child abuse, and intimate partner violence, and they quickly spread throughout the United States. In the early 1970s, 100,000 women were involved in Consciousness-Raising groups nationally. 1970s — A growing campus rape movement brought attention to the concept of “date rape,” demanding that rape other than assault by a stranger be recognized and addressed. This movement led to the establishment of many awareness events such as Take Back The Night, Denim Day, Clothesline Project, and the Vagina Monologues. 1972 — The first rape crisis centers were established- Bay Area Women Against Rape and Washington DC Rape Crisis Center. These rape crisis centers provided services to survivors and were seen as “networking hubs” for the national anti-rape movement. 1974 — Joan (pronounced Jo-Ann) Little, a Black prisoner in the Beaufort County Jail in North Carolina, was attacked and raped by a white guard at the jail, Clarence Alligood. Joan Little broke away from him, killed him in self-defense, and then broke free from the jail. She turned herself in a week later and was charged with murder. There was a national outcry for justice for Joan Little, involving prominent civil rights and women’s rights activists, such as Angela Davis. A jury acquitted Joan Little of killing Clarence Alligood. She was the first woman in United States history to be acquitted using the defense that she used deadly force to resist sexual assault.