CULTURE CLASH: A CASE STUDY OF THREE OSAGE NATIVE AMERICAN FAMILIES By ANNA WEBB-STOREY Bachelor of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma · 1984 Master of Science Oklahoma State University Stillwater,. Oklahoma 1992 · Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University - in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION July, 1998 - 1~ ft;1"~' I{,,,,~~ ' .•{:r l q rt COPYRIGHT by Anna Webb-Storey July, 1998 CULTURE CLASH: A CASE STUDYOF THREE OSAGE NATIVE AMERICAN FAMILIES Thesis Approved: 11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My personal belief is that our heavenly Father should be thanked first for all things. He has been my guide and source of strength throughout this doctoral process. I truly believe, "I can do everything through him.who· gives me strength" (Philippians 4: 13). I want to express my infinite appreciation and love to my best friend and strongest supporter, my husband, Rick. He has encouraged and prayed for me throughout this entire process. Thank you for cheering me.on! I will forever be indebted to the three Osage families who participated in this study: My mother, Mary Jo Peace Webb; Marvin Stepson, Jr;; and, Juanita and Joe Tall Chief Their knowledge and understanding of family and Osage Tribal history was essential to this study. I want to especially thank my mother for her prayers, encouragement, and ~ollaboration during this research project. Her wisdom and knowledge regarding the Osage Tribe proved to be an invaluable source for this study. I would alsolike tb thank my father, Melvin Webb, for his support and encouragement. Without his life-long belief and confidence in me, this achievement would not have been possible. To my many friends and co~workers who have supported and encouraged me, I want to say a special thank you. I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to Dr. Adrienne Hyle, adviser and committee chairperson of my dissertation, for her constant support, guidance, and 111 understanding of underrepresented groups during this research process. I.would also like to thank the other members ofmy committee: Dr. Edward Harris, Dr. Wen-Song Hwu, and Dr. Michael Mills.for their encouragement, advice, and willingness to serve on my committee. Additionally, I would like to express my gratitude to the other faculty members of the Department of Educational Administration and Higher Education at Oklahoma State University for their instruction, advice, and support. lV TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. DESIGN OF THE STUDY. .. 1 Statement of the Problem . 5 Purpose of the Study . 6 . Theoretical Framework ...................................... 6 Central Authority . ..... , . 9 Institutional Level ....· . 10 Basic Unit . : ...· .· : . 11 Individual Level . .. ·. 11 Equilibrium ........ : ...... : ........ ·: ............... 12 Types. of Change . 13 Responses to Change ... , . 14 Procedures . 15 Researcher . .. : . 16 Research Criteria . 16 Data Needs ........................................ 19 Data Sources . 19 Document Collection .......................... , ...... 20 Data Analysis . 21 Significance of the Study . .. .. 22 Summary ............................................... 23 Reporting . 23 II. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE ....................... 24 The United States Government: 1803-18.65 ..................... 25 The Treaty of 1808 ....... -. 26 The Treaty of 1818 .. , ............. -................... 26 The Treaty of 1825 . 27 The 1830 Indian Removal Bill .......................... 27 The Treaty of 1839 ................................... 28 •The Treaty of 1865 .................................... 30 Summary ...................... , . 30 V Chapter Page Missionaries and Farming: 1840-1868 .......................... 31 Removal to Oklahoma - The Treaty of 1869 . 34 Other Government Interventions: 1870's . 36 Illustration Farms .................................... 38 Early Tribal Politics and Government: 1870's-1900's ............... 39 Constitutional Government . 40 Additional White Settlers-1889 .......................... 41 Summary .......................... , ................ 42 The 1906 Osage Allotment Act ............................... 43 Non-Osage ......................................... 43 Mixed-Bloods ...................................... 44 Allotment Victory . .. 45 Oil and Wealth , .......................................... 45 Guardianship . 46 Act of April 18, 1912 ................................. 49 Act ofMarch 3, 1921 ................................. 49 Act ofFebruary 27, 1925 .............................. 52 Osage Notoriety . 54 Osage Murders-1920's ................................ 55 Summary ............................................... 55 III. PRESENTATION OF THEDATA ............................... 59 Case Study Procedures . _ 60 Interviews . 60 Document Review . 61 Reporting . 63 Three Osage F amities . : . 63 The Peace Family ...............................· ..... 64 The Stepson Family . 66 The Tall Chief Family .................................. 67 Sovereignty . 69 Congress ... ·. .. 70 New Reservation-1872 ................................ 71 Bureau oflndian Affairs . 71 1906 Osage Allotment Act . 72 Act of Aril 18, 1912 .................................. 74 Act of March 3, 1921 ................................. 76 Act of February 27, 1925 .............................. 77 Summary .......................................... 79 Vl Chapter Page Outcomes . 79 Tribal Gains . 80 Tribal Loss . 80 Personal Gains . 102 Personal Loss . .. 104 Summary .............................................. 116 . IV. ANALYSISOFTHEDATA ...................................... 121 The Osage Matrix . , . 122 Government . .. 122 The Osage Tribe ......... , .......................... 128 The Osage Family . 135 Individual Tribal Members . ~ . 141 Disequilibrium, Equilibrium, and Change . 152 Disequilibrium . 153 Equilibrium . 15 5 Change ............................................ 156 Summary . 162 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATION, AND COMMENTARY ............................. 165 Summary .............................................. 165 Data Needs ....................................... 166 Data Sources . 166 Data Collection . , . 166 Data Presentation ................................... 167 Analysis . .. ·. •. 171 Findings ...... ·................ , . 171 Conclusions . 172 Examine the Experiences of the Osage From the l 870's Through the l 920's and the Perceived Impact This Era Has Had . 172 Describe the Internal Disequilibrium and External Pressures Evidenced ............................ 173 Access the Usefulness of Becher and Kogan's (1992) Model for Exploring These Realities . 17 4 Implications and Recommendations . 174 Theory ................... ·........................ 175 Research . 17 5 Practice . 17 6 Vll Chapter Page Commentary: "Voices from the Past" Speeches Delivered in 1881 at the Osage Tribal Council Meeting . 176 REFERENCES . 181 APPENDIXES .............................. ·....................... 184 APPENDIX A - FIGURES ................................... 185 APPENDIX B - INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL FORM .. , ................................... 189 APPENDIX C - INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ..................... 191 APPENDIX D - CONSENT FORM . 193 APPENDIX E - CORRESPONDENCE . 196 Vlll LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page L Higher Education Model . 186 2. Osage Matrix ............ : .......... , . 187 3. Revised Osage Matrix . 188 1X The Osage by Will Ferrell Poet Laureate of the Oil Fields I can see, from my windows, a sky-line of gray, To the North and the West - just a trifle away And, below, where a river of chrome and of dun Crawls lazily South in the slant of the sun, There's a jumble of hills climbing up, like a stair Or as Pilgrims, belated and kneeling in prayer In a land that is voiceless and barren and cold And a land that has lied in its promise of gold. A joke, as it were, and a satire of Time Was this junk-yard of black-jack and sandstone and lime. A joke for the reason - that, back in the years When the red man gave way to the van of his peers, He was given this parcel to hold as his own As the dog of tradition was given the bone And, Lo of the legend; of song and of lore, Accepted the haven - he wanted no more. The whites hurried by in a feverish quest For the mythical lures of a beckoning West And the region was shunned in the greed of the hour And the scramble for wealth and position and power Picture used with permission by Lionel LLC. And the Osage, neglected, remote and forlorn Was old long before Oklahoma was born. Lo's vision of wealth, springing out of his soil, Was idle, indeed, and it wasn't of OIL. Then sharp, like a blast, o'er the ridges it came, A sound indefinable - lacking a name. The shriek of a siren, the clank of a chain; The honk of a motor truck out on the plain And, presently, up from a thicket of oak, A derrick arose through a feather of smoke. Then Manitou struck through the stratas of stone And "Lo, the poor Indian," comes to his own. Instead of the "calico" pony of old; The flapping red blanket to.