VKM Report 2020: 15 Status and trade assessment of parrots listed in CITES Appendix I Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Alien Organisms and trade in endangered species (CITES) VKM Report 2020: 15 Status and trade assessment of parrots listed in CITES Appendix I Scientific Opinion of the Panel on alien organisms and trade in endangered species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 10.12.2020 ISBN: 978-82-8259-354-0 ISSN: 2535-4019 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Postboks 222 Skøyen 0213 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no Cover photo: mostphotos.com/Jiri Hrebicek Suggested citation: VKM, Eli K. Rueness, Maria G. Asmyhr, Hugo de Boer, Katrine Eldegard, Kjetil Hindar, Lars Robert Hole, Johanna Järnegren, Kyrre Kausrud, Lawrence Kirkendall, Inger Måren, Erlend B. Nilsen, Eva B. Thorstad, Anders Nielsen, Gaute Velle (2020) Status and trade assessment of parrots listed in CITES Appendix I. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on alien orgnaisms and trade in endangered species (CITES) of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report 2020:15, ISBN: 978-82-8259-354-0 ISSN: 2535-4019. Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM), Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2020: 15 Title Status and trade assessment of parrots listed in CITES Appendix I Preparation of the opinion The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) appointed a project group to draft the opinion. The project group consisted of three VKM members, one VKM staff. Two referees commented on and reviewed the draft opinion. The Committee, by the Panel on alien organisms and trade in endangered species (CITES) assessed and approved the final opinion. Authors of the opinion The authors have contributed to the opinion in a way that fulfils the authorship principles of VKM (VKM, 2019). The principles reflect the collaborative nature of the work, and the authors have contributed as members of the project group and/or the VKM Panel on alien organisms and trade in endangered species (CITES). Members of the project group (in alphabetical order after chair of the project group): Eli K. Rueness – Chair of the project group. Member of the Panel on alien organisms and trade in endangered species in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) University of Oslo Maria G. Asmyhr – Project leader, VKM staff. Affiliation: VKM. Hugo de Boer – Member of the Panel on alien organisms and trade in endangered species in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Natural History Museum, University of Oslo Katrine Eldegard – Member of the Panel on alien organisms and trade in endangered species in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences Members of the Panel on alien organisms and trade in endangered species (CITES) In addition to Eli K. Rueness, Hugo de Boer and Katrine Eldegard these were (in alphabetical order before chair of the Panel): Kjetil Hindar – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. VKM Report 2020: 15 Lars Robert Hole – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Johanna Järnegren – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Kyrre Kausrud – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) The Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo. Lawrence Kirkendall – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen. Inger E. Måren – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen. Erlend B. Nilsen – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Eva B. Thorstad – Member of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim. Gaute Velle – Chair of the panel on Alien Organisms and trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen; 3) University of Bergen, Bergen. Anders Nielsen – Vice chair of the Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO); 3) Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo. Acknowledgement VKM would like to thank the referees Dr. Rowan Martin (World Parrot Trust) and Prof. Jose L.Tella (Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain) for their valuable comments through critical review of the draft opinion. VKM emphasises that the referees are not responsible for the content of the final opinion. In accordance with VKM’s routines for approval of a risk assessment (VKM, 2018), VKM received their comments before evaluation and approval by VKM Panel on Alien organisms and trade in endangered species (CITES). VKM would also like to thank Aurora Bischof for translation of supplementary information in Berkunsky et al. (2017). VKM Report 2020: 15 Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2020: 15 Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................ 9 Sammendrag på norsk ......................................................................................... 11 Background as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ........................ 13 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Environment Agency ............. 14 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 15 1.1 Introduction to Psittaciformes ............................................................................... 15 1.2 International trade in parrots ................................................................................ 18 Captive breeding of parrots ........................................................................ 19 1.3 Regional patterns of parrot diversity and trade ....................................................... 20 Africa ....................................................................................................... 20 Asia-Pacific region ..................................................................................... 21 Central and South America ......................................................................... 23 2 Methodology and Data ................................................................................. 26 2.1 Literature search and selection .............................................................................. 26 2.2 Selection of parrot species for further assessment .................................................. 26 3 Assessment .................................................................................................. 28 3.1 28 Psittacus erithacus ..................................................................................... 34 Cacatua goffiniana ..................................................................................... 40 Cacatua haematuropygia ........................................................................... 43 Cacatua moluccensis ................................................................................. 46 Cacatua sulphurea ..................................................................................... 49 Eos histrio ................................................................................................ 53 Probosciger aterrimus ................................................................................ 56 Amazona arausiaca .................................................................................... 59 Amazona auropalliata ................................................................................ 62 Amazona barbadensis .............................................................................. 67 Amazona brasiliensis ................................................................................ 71 Amazona finschi ...................................................................................... 74 Amazona oratrix ...................................................................................... 77 Amazona pretrei ...................................................................................... 81 Common name: ........................................................................................................... 81 VKM Report 2020: 15 Amazona rhodocorytha ............................................................................ 84 Amazona vinacea ...................................................................................