Stephen Arnold Douglas (1813–61), the deceased U.S. senator from Illinois for whom Patrick Connor named his new post outside Salt Lake City. Douglas was Connor’s political hero but either a maladroit or deliberatively provocative choice for namesake in view of his status as former chief political rival to President Lincoln and bête noire to Brigham Young since his June 12, 1857, “loathsome ulcer” speech in Springfield at the beginning of the Utah War. (Library of Congress) CHAPTER 10 Kenneth L. Alford and William P. MacKinnon WHAT’S IN A NAME? the establishment of Camp Douglas Since my arrival the people of the Territory have been treated kindly and courteously by both my officers and men, who have never given one of them cause for complaint, which the people freely acknowledge. But notwithstanding this, the courtesy we have given is returned with abuse. —Colonel Patrick Edward Connor, U.S. Army March 15, 18631 amp Douglas is the only military installa- BA CKGROUND Ction in the United States sited purposely Brigham Young and his Latter-day Saint so that soldiers could keep a watchful eye on pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley the American citizens outside its gates. The in July 1847. Folklore has it that Young said establishment and naming of this post on at that time, “If the United States will now the bench above Salt Lake City is a colorful, let this people alone for ten years to come, but little known, story of the American Civil we will ask no odds of them or any one else War. Utah is generally viewed as a backwater but God.”2 In 1857, exactly ten years later, of the Civil War, but events in the territory President James Buchanan moved to replace played an important supporting role and Brigham Young as Utah’s first governor and were surprisingly laced with conflict. While organized an expeditionary force of several Camp Douglas (later renamed Fort Douglas) thousand soldiers to escort his successor experienced a long and colorful history that to Utah while restoring federal authority has continued into the twenty-first century, in a territory perceived as rebellious. After this essay focuses on the short period between harassment of the approaching army by the the camp’s founding in October 1862 and the territorial militia, the evacuation of northern end of the Civil War. Utah, discussions between Brigham Young 162 KENNETH L. AlFORD AND WILLIAM P. MACKINNON and federal peace commissioners, and the which for three years past has resounded issuance of a blanket presidential pardon with the orgies of the ungodly and become for Utah’s entire population, the conflict was a nest for every unclean thing, has reverted settled peaceably with Brevet Brigadier Gen- to its wonted quietude and simplicity. Some- eral Albert Sidney Johnston’s forces marching times I regret that I never visited it; yet at quietly through Salt Lake City in June 1858.3 other times I feel grateful that I have kept The soldiers then established Camp Floyd myself entirely aloof from Gentile influences (named after John B. Floyd, President Buchan- and associations.”8 an’s secretary of war) forty miles southwest While some residents celebrated the post’s of Salt Lake City, the nation’s largest garrison closing, others questioned the wisdom of the until the outbreak of the Civil War.4 Civilian decision. A New York Times writer predicted relations with Camp Floyd were sometimes that “the removal of the small force from Utah strained, but they resulted in economic ben- will prove a fatal blunder, as it will leave the efits for many Utah residents. Camp Floyd great overland routes to California and Ore- was renamed Fort Crittenden,5 in honor of gon unprotected, and invite aggression both U.S. senator John J. Crittenden, after Secretary from lawless Mormons and hostile Indians.”9 Floyd resigned in disgrace in December 1860 When increased Indian activity and attacks and joined the Confederacy. The camp’s dis- along the Overland Trail followed the with- tance from Salt Lake City was probably viewed drawal of soldiers from Fort Crittenden, it favorably by most of the city’s residents. soon became apparent that military action was In 1861, when the first shots in the Civil required to protect the trail. Brigham Young War were fired, Utah found itself at a stra- and territorial federal officials suggested that tegic crossroads—mail, telegraph lines, gold “a regiment of mounted men be raised”10 to from California, silver from the newly cre- protect the mail, emigration, and telegraph ated Nevada Territory’s Comstock Lode, and routes. The government initially rejected emigrants all needed to pass freely through their offer “because it is not supposed so large Utah Territory, but regular U.S. troops were a force is necessary.”11 On April 28, 1862, needed in the East far more than they were though, by “express direction of the Presi- required at Fort Crittenden. In May 1861, dent of the United States,” Brigham Young, the War Department “issued orders for the then a private citizen but still President of the immediate withdrawal of all the regular LDS Church, was authorized to “raise, arm, troops from New-Mexico and Utah.”6 Auc- and equip one company of cavalry for ninety tions held in June and July disposed of reus- days’ service.”12 The government’s request able building materials (lumber, windows, specified that “the company will be employed doors, and so forth), and the remaining adobe to protect the property of the telegraph and walls were left to the elements.7 Fort Critten- overland mail companies in or about Inde- den was evacuated and closed. The soldiers pendence Rock [Nebraska Territory], where garrisoned there marched east during July. depredations have been committed, and will One Salt Lake resident’s August 1861 letter be continued in service only till the U.S. summed up the feelings of many Utah resi- troops can reach the point where they are so dents: “The troops are gone. Camp Floyd, much needed. It will not be employed for THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CAMP DOUGLAS 163 any offensive operations other than may grow out of the duty hereinbefore assigned to it.”13 The requested soldiers mustered within two days, an extraordinary feat of orga- nization. Under the command of Captain Lot Smith, who had won fame as a militia major during the Utah War, the company of about a hundred men left Salt Lake City in early May 1862 for three months of active duty military service. In late August 1862, after this volunteer company had returned to Utah, Union General James Craig, who was responsible for the overland mail and telegraph lines from the Missouri River to Utah Territory, telegraphed Secretary of War Stanton and requested either reinforcements Patrick Edward Connor, the Irish-born commander of California from the States or permission to “re-enlist the Volunteers who established Camp Douglas in October 1862 while Utah troops for a limited time.”14 Secretary incurring the enmity of Brigham Young in a way that Albert Sidney Johnston had not. After the Bear River Massacre of Janu- Stanton answered the following day, “You are ary 1863, the army promoted Connor from colonel to brigadier authorized to raise 100 mounted men in the and in 1865 made him a major general in part to encourage his resignation after his controversial Powder River campaign. He mountains and re-enlist the Utah troops for remained in Utah to stimulate an inflow of non-Mormons moti- three months as requested.”15 After confer- vated by mining opportunities. (Utah State Historical Society) ring with Brigham Young, Utah’s Governor Harding informed the army that reenlistment the vicinity of Salt Lake.” According to orders of Lot Smith’s company was not possible received in July 1862, his primary mission as because, as Harding cryptically phrased it, a newly commissioned colonel was “to pro- “Things are not right.”16 Consequently, federal tect the Overland Mail Route”18 and “also military leaders determined that dispatching the telegraph stations.”19 Connor’s command volunteer units from California would be a arrived at Fort Churchill (near Reno, Nevada more permanent military solution to the need Territory) in August 1862, where Colonel Con- to protect commerce and emigration along nor assumed command of the military district the Overland Trail. The state of California of Utah, which included Utah and Nevada was asked to recruit sixteen thousand volun- Territories.20 teers, some of whom would be sent to Utah.17 In May 1862, Brigadier General George E STAbliSHMENT Wright, commander of the army’s Department OF CAMP DOUGLAS of the Pacific in San Francisco, appointed Utah residents had done too good of a Patrick Edward Connor, a California militia job dismantling Fort Crittenden after the officer, to command several companies of Cal- army blew up its magazines and marched ifornia volunteers (or CVs, as they were often east. Nearly everything of value had been called) to travel from Stockton, Califor nia, “to removed. Little did they know that the army 164 KENNETH L. AlFORD AND WILLIAM P. MACKINNON A prime mission of Connor’s California Volunteers was to protect from Indian attack the transcontinental telegraph line, completed in Salt Lake City exactly a year before their arrival there. Although they tried to destroy the line, the tribes (and others) marveled at the way it worked as depicted in Henry Farney’s classic 1904 painting, The Song of the Talking Wire. (Wikimedia Commons) would return in strength at the end of the fol- the west, there was great concern. A New York lowing year, and the poor condition of Fort Times report from Salt Lake stated, “There Crittenden would influence the selection of may be still another jurisdiction conflict in the army’s new encampment elsewhere.