UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Modular Urbanism: Combining modular and multi-scalar design strategies in creating sustainable landscape architecture design and construction processes by Gordon Skilling A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2020 © Gordon Skilling 2020 ABSTRACT In the continued effort to fulfill its professional mandate to build sustainably, the discipline of landscape architecture has begun the transition from emphasizing site-specific design and construction (a “one-off” approach) towards more expansive methods that better address material efficiencies, life cycle performance, and end of life building practices through redevelopment, adaptive re-use and retrofitting. Within this context, this thesis asks how modular design thinking could offer an alternative approach, especially when combined with the multi-scalar techniques and principles of tactical urbanism and placemaking in the (re)design and construction of sustainable urban spaces. Often thought of as generic, repetitive, and monotonous, with regard to the built environment, this thesis will suggest that modular design thinking, at the site scale, has direct application to landscape architecture in not only (re)activating urban spaces, but in creating meaningful sense of place. Highlights will include three interdisciplinary design case studies, that engaged community, and municipal stakeholders. This thesis will touch on the importance of interdisciplinary practice in the development of novel, specific yet scalable, adaptable yet economical forms of urbanism, and in doing so, develop possible alternative design processes in generating normative practices in landscape architecture design and construction. Keywords: Modular design, Sustainability, Landscape architecture, Multi-scalar design, Placemaking, Tactical urbanism. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor Kris Fox for supporting me throughout my graduate school career. I would also like to thank the faculty of SAPL for their continued support, including Dr. Enrica Dall’Ara, Dr. Mary Ellen Tyler, and Josh Taron. I would also like to thank George Harris and Dr. Bev Sandalack for helping me onto the landscape path. This thesis could not have happened without the support of my Mitacs professional partner Kasian Architecture: Lifescape, especially, Judith MacDougall, Will Craig, Vuk Filipic, & Sharon Martens, as well as, Yves Trepanier from Trepanier Baer Gallery. Thank you all for your support and encouragement throughout my thesis journey. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for giving me the opportunity to pursue my interests and complete this degree, and for putting up with me. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the Salus, Slick, and Stan-Harold families, who believed in me and supported me throughout this journey. And to Jane Durham who somehow managed to put up with all my ranting and raving. And to thesaurus.com…I couldn’t have done it without you! iii EPIGRAPH I would rather have questions that can't be answered than answers that can't be questioned. -Richard Feynman iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................................................... iii EPIGRAPH ................................................................................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................................................xii PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Landscape Architecture ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 On Contemporary Landscape Architecture. ........................................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Landscape Urbanism. .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Landscape Architecture and Sustainability. ........................................................................................ 3 1.2 Thesis Research. ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Thesis Focus. ....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Thesis Question. .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3 Methodology. ............................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Research Design and Methodology Framework. ................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Design Research. ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.3 Literature Review. ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.4 Conceptual Framework. .................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.5 Case Studies. ..................................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE COMPONENTS OF MODULAR URBANISM ................................... 13 2.1 Review Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Historical Precedent. .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Modular Design in the Historical Development of Landscape Architecture. .................................... 14 2.2.2 Joseph Paxton: Landscape Designer and Modular Design Innovator. ............................................... 15 2.2.3 Crystal Palace as Strategic Placemaking. .......................................................................................... 16 2.2.4 Crystal Palace as Tactical Intervention. ............................................................................................ 18 2.2.5 Crystal Palace as Modular Urbanism ................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Sustainability. ............................................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.1 Narrowing the Focus. ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.3.2 Concern for Future Generations. ....................................................................................................... 21 2.3.3 The Importance of Social Sustainability............................................................................................ 22 v 2.3.4 Material Efficiency. ........................................................................................................................... 25 2.4 Adaptive Reuse. ......................................................................................................................................... 26 2.4.1 A Landscape Perspective. .................................................................................................................. 26 2.4.2 Adaptive Reuse at the Building Scale. ............................................................................................. 28 2.5 Placemaking. .............................................................................................................................................. 32 2.5.1 Placemaking in Contemporary Urbanism. ......................................................................................... 32 2.5.2 The Importance of Place. .................................................................................................................. 33 2.5.3 Contemporary Applications. ............................................................................................................