110 UNIVERSITY DOTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES ROBERT COPLAND'S KYNGE APPOLYN OF THYRE by Hubert J.Spekkens Thesis presented to the Faculty of -Arts of the University of Ottawa through the Department of English as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of 1-hilQ^ephyV^-^ UBRARteS .» '*K 0^ ^S/ty oi Ottawa, Canada, 1966 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: DC53715 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform DC53715 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITY DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES CURRICULUM VITAE Name: Hubert J". Spekkens Born: 13 July, 1940 Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands BA: University of Ottawa, May 1961 Hon.BA (English): U. of Ottawa, May 1962 MA (English): U. of Ottawa, May 1963 Benigne lector: Ignoscas aliquot erroribus vel machinae vel calami I UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY D-OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter page I.-THE STORY vi II.-THE LATIN TEST xviii III.-THE OLD FRENCH VERSIONS xlii IV.-THE PRINTING REVOLUTION lxvi V.-ROBERT COPLAND'S KYNGE APPOLYN xciii BIBLIOGRAPHY cxi EDITORIAL PRACTICE cxxvii THE TEXT OF Kynge Appolyn of Thyre ... 1 NOTES 99 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES PREFACE This thesis is a study and an edition of Robert Copland's version of the Apollonius of Tyre legend. Because Copland translated his tale out of the French, an examinatior of the Old French versions of the Apollonius of Tyre legend is included. In 1963, noting the confusion that surrounded Copland's work, I felt that this question would warrant further investigation. Research completed in subsequent years has convinced me that this investigation is indeed worthy of prosecution. A considerable amount of work has been done on the early English book, but since Copland's Kynge Appolyn was omitted from Pollard and Redgrave's Short Title Catalogue it is invariably not discussed. A considerable amount of the research on early sixteenth century books was completed in what might well be thought one of the least likely places where the student of early printed English books could find help — the Library of the University of Toronto. Thanks to the enlightened policy of library authorities, the University has a collection of over two thousand microfilms of early books and a wealth of equipment for their use. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STU Dl ES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES PREFACE .V In conclusion, I desire to thank all those who have aided me in the preparation of this work: my parents for assistance both moral and actual; Mr. Blackburn, the Director of Toronto University Library, where most of the research was done; Mr. Wolfgang Arnold, whose camera skill was equal to my most particular requirements; the director of the British Museum for microfilms of the original sources as well as for helpful information on those points where only an actual examination of the texts might suffice; Dr. Josef Raith of Munich, to whose correspondence several valuable references are due; Mrs. Yolande Renaud, Inter-library Loan librarian of the University of Ottawa Central Library; and last because most, Dr. A.P. Campbell, without whose constant encouragement, advice, and supervision this thesis would not have been written. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES CHAPTER ONE THE STORY Because we are going to be discussing the basic plot of the story a great deal,we will give at this point what may seem a rather lengthy summary of the argument. It is remarkable how, in spite of the greatly divergent versions of the Apollonius tale which are encountered, the basic story, inconsistent and incoherent though it be, remains untampered with. The outline will contain elements of both principal versions of the tale, known as RA and RB texts, and thus will resemble in a way that mixed version most common in the mediaeval period which is known as an SC text. It is not based upon any particular RC text. The chapter numbering is that of the RA and RB texts. Since the form of proper names varies greatly among the various texts, in this outline as well as in the thesis itself, when the general character is meant as opposed to the particular characterization revealed in any one text, an anglicised form of the RA or RB version will be used. It is to be understood that this form is not in any way better or more common than any of the variants; it will have been arbitrarily chosen. Chapter 1. There once was a king named Antiochus, who reigned in a city that was named Antioch after him. He possessed a daughter of such unbelievable beauty that UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STU Dl ES UNIVERS1TE D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES THE STORY .vi suitors flocked from far and wide asking her hand. But the father fell into a sinful desire for the body of his daughter. One morning he gave in to lust, entered her room, and violated her. Chapter 2. "Jhile the maiden sat weeping, her nurse enl^red. Upon being told what had happened, she consoled the maiden and persuaded her to yield to her father's desires. Chapter 3« In order not to lose his daughter through her marriage, the king announced that all suitors must answer a riddle. Those who failed to solve it would pay the forfeit with their necks. Nevertheless, many suitors came; they failed and were decapitated. chapter 4. while the king persisted in these cruelties, there same as suitor a youth from Tyre named Apollonius. After Apollonius had acknowledged that he was aware of the forfeit, king Antiochus presented him with a riddle which in ambiguous terms described the king's own shame. After a moment Df thought, with the help of God, Apollonius presented the sorrect solution. Chapter 5. V,rhen he heard his crime thus exposed, antiochus was troubled, but feigning anger he declared that the answer was wrong. Nevertheless he gave a respite of thirty days so that the youth might reconsider his answer. Apollonius returned to his homeland. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STU Dl ES UNIVERSITE D OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES THE STORY .viii Chapter 6. When Apollonius had departed, king Antiochus sent after him Thaliarch, one of his trusted servants, vd.th orders to kill the youth. Apollonius, arriving home, reconsidered the question and concluded that in snite of all the king's denials he had solved the ri<?dle correctly. He realised that his life was in danger, ordered a ship laden with his treasures, and in the middle of the night struck out on the sea. Chapter 7. The next day his citizens looked for him in vain and greatly mourned his departure. Thaliarch returned to Antiochus and reported the flight. Antiochus thereupon set a high price on Apollonius' head, so that the prince of Tyre was now mercilessly hunted not only by his foes but also by his former friends. Chapter 8. Apollonius meanwhile had arrived at Tharsia, where Ellanicus, an old retainer, told him of king Antiochus' edict. Chapter 9- Then Apollonius met Strangulio and asked him for assistance. Strangulio told him that he would be unable to provide any because Tharsia was suffering a famine. Ap&llonius coincidentally happened to have a ship laden with wheat, which he offered to sell at cost to the citizens if they would hide his flight. Chapter 10. After Apollonius had distributed the wheat, he UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE DOTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES THE STORY .ix gave back the money he had received for it, lest he be called a mere merchant. The grateful citizens erected a statue in his honour- Chapter 11. A few months later, Strangulio and his wife Benyse suggested that apollonius go to the larger city-state of Pentapolis, where he would be safer- Apollonius took the advice, but on the open sea a severe tempest came up. Chapter 12. Apollonius' ship sank and he alone of all on beard managed to get to shore. There he was aided by a poor fisherman who shared his food and cloak with the shipwrecked man but advised him to try his luck in the town. Chapter 13- As Apollonius arrived in the town, he saw a youth inviting all to the gymnasium. Apollonius joined the crowd at ball-playing and through his dexterity impressed king Archistrates. Chapter 14. After the game, Apollonius was invited to the royal palace. *t first he was loth to obey on account of his wretched clothing, but he came after he had been provided with a magnificent gown. At the meal, instead of eating, he stared around and mourned his loss. The king tried to cheer him up. Chapter 15. While apollonius sat in the royal hall, the king's daughter, a lovely girl named Archicastres, came in. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES THE STORY .x She inquired after Apollonius' name and origin.