Provi n ci al G e o graphi e s of I n dia G E N E R A L E D I T O R Sm T . H . HO LLA D S . F. S D . c LL . D . R . N , , , BUR M A C A M B R I D GE U N I VE R S I TY P R E S S F . C LA M A N A GE R C . Y, N ON F E TTE R L AN E E L O C . D , 4 N E W Y O R K T H E M A C M I L L A N C O . BOM BAY C A L C TTA L T D U MAC M I L LAN AN D C O . M AD R AS T O R O N T O T H E M A M L L A N C O C I . L D . O F C A N A D A , T TO KYO : M AR UZ E N - K ABU S H I K I -KA IS H A A L L R IG H T S R E S E R VE D B U R M A m H E R BE RT T H I R KE L WH T s L I E , LATE OF TH E B E N GAL C I VI L S E RVI C E ' ' ' O rnar z re; tpm negai ; contentzz docerz q W‘0 C ambridge a t the U n ive rsity Pre ss P R I N TE D I N G R E A T B R I TA I N E D ITO R ’ S PR E FAC E A R conditions and consequent war service are r e sponsible f or the interruption of this series of Pro vin cia l Geographies . Subsequent reforms in the political n a co stitution of India necessit ted further delay ; but , whether the Government of Burma remains under the Governor General of India or becomes an swerable direct to the King Emperor , the Province must necessarily remain a geo a s i s graphical and political , it a distinct ethnographical , ~ unit a Burmese nation . v For this , as for pre ious volumes of the same series , the author has been chosen because his long and intimate ex p eri en ce of the Provi nce enables him to present in true — perspective a thumb nail sketch of the land and its people . In this respect there are two living authorities who stand — e in a class apart Shwe Yoe (Sir George Scott) , whos writings have brought to the West a humanitarian picture A Cfor] S erva n t i n of the Silken East , and the author of B urma i , whose serv ce of 33 years brought him into intimate touch wi th every phase of Burmese life and administra 1 8 8 the tion , from 7 , when northern limit of British control v of was restricted to the Pro ince Pegu , through the third ’ 1 88 Theba w s Burmese war of 5 , when King misrule of the s ubs e Upper Burma was abruptly terminated , and a cifica ti on quent years of p and economic development , till he retired as Lieutenant - Governor of the whole Province 1 1 in 9 0 . The Cambridge University Press i s fortunate in finding Sir Herbert Thirkell White with the leisure to review from afar the land which he served wi th affection and recognized distinction . T . H . HOLLAND . N ' z a d ovembef n 1 2 2 . , 9 N OTE c r rw d ru c r d Ex ept Whe e othe ise state , pees have been onve te 23 . into sterling at the conventional rate of r R . I n r r urm w rd r m the t anslite ation of B ese o s , the Gove n ent m r u d d . syste has been ad opted . Eve y syllable is so n e Conso : w u nants have the same value as in E nglish gy j ; y y . The vow el sound s a re : a — generall y as a in pa but sometimes short as in a t; e— as ey in grey ; ‘ e— e ere u a n u d r as in p , Witho t y so n of ; i_ as ee in f eet; y— as a vowel always short ; 0 or o— always long as ea in moa n u— as 00 in boot; ai— as i in pi ke ; au— as ou in lout; ' aw - as a w in ma w ei — a maz as in e . S m r m uc u a c o e p op er na es , s h as Rangoon , To ngoo , have u r d c l q i e onventional spe ling . S c k a re r c r d ue . c pe ial than s to Dr E . H Pas oe , Di e to of the G o c S ur who m k d wri c r eol gi al vey , has ost in ly tten the hap te on G a n d r c c l w c r M r eology p a ti al y the hole of the hap te on ine als , a n d c c r I r has olle ted the illustrations the eto . have also g ate fully to acknowledge valuable help and ad vice from Si r Thomas H d Mr r a r a z . n d M T w ollan , W . A . He t , Colonel G H Evans S Ko r r r ein . Most of the illust ations are f om photog aphs by m m a d r r . n d d . y la ente f ien s , the late Majo J W Alves , LA Mr r ur d k o S . To r h o d c n C . d w A th Lee s , othe frien s have in ly r u d r r r d B e r t ib te photog aphs my bes t thanks a e tende e . y p ’ m M cr r for d ission of His aj esty s Se eta y of State In ia , the General Map is red uced fr om the map attached to the General d m r r rm A inist ation Repo t of Bu a . H . T . W . C O N TE N TS C H A P P A G E GE N E R AL DE S C R I PTIO N CL I MATE RIVE R S MOU N TA I N S A N D HI L L S ISLAN DS LA KE S GE OL O GY MI N E R AL S FO R E STS A N D FL O R A FA U N A HI S TO R Y ADMI N ISTR ATIO N (i) THE PE OPLE (ii) LAN GUAGE S FI E LDS AN D GA R DE N S OC C U PATIO N S OF THE PE OPL E (i) TR ADE A N D COMME R CE (ii) LI GHTHOUSE S CA N AL S A N D EMB AN KME N TS RAI LWAY S AN D ROADS CH I E F TOWN S AR C HI TE CTU R E AN D AN TI QUITI E S BI B L IO GR AP HY A P P E N D I X E S RA I N FALL FR OM 19 17 To 1 920 ADMI N ISTR ATIVE DIVISIO N S LIST O F THE S HAN AN D KAR E N N I STATE S AD MI N ISTR ATIO N OF THE SHAN STATE S TR ADE AN D COMM E R CE GL OS SAR Y I N DE X L IST O F I LL U STR ATI O N S A N D MAPS F I G . P A G E A A B urm d . 1 . ese holi ay ( J . W lves) k A L d 2 At n . the village ta ( ee s) r w d d A E n n on r . 3 . ve i g the I a a y (J W lves) L d J ungle fo l k (A . ee s) A on r . Village M aste y (J W . lves) B r m f m A u ese a ily ( J . W . lves) ’ D mm n r r z u C u u . A . ep ty o issio e s ho se , P tao (W He t ) R r A usti c b id ge ( J . W . lves) n d a n d w r — l on m 9 . Ma alay Hill ate li ies the oat I O K w . ala w d ll A L 1 1 A s ta . d . aysi e ( ee s) ' B rm m r W A 1 2 u c . ese e ete y ( J lves) w r A A d un d o f rr w d d . I 3 . g Valley , hea ate s the I a a y (W I I e r tz ) r w d d A I O n r . 4 . the I a a y (J W lves) ’ m i rl A 1 B ur . 5 . ese g (J W lves) 1 r 6 . w o of S n .