Operating Systems - Lecture Notes Attila Dr. Adamkó Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Operating Systems - Lecture Notes Attila Dr. Adamkó Publication date 2013 Copyright © 2013 Dr. Adamkó Attila Copyright 2013 Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Table of Contents I. Computer as a work tool ................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5 1. What is an Operating System ...................................................................................... 5 1.1. The alignment of the operation systems .......................................................... 6 1.2. Components of the operating system .............................................................. 6 2. Major Operating Systems and historical evolution ...................................................... 7 2.1. Disc Operating System (DOS) ........................................................................ 8 2.2. Windows ....................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. The Windows 9x line ........................................................................ 10 2.2.2. The Windows NT family .................................................................. 11 2.2.3. Windows XP, Vista, 7 and 8 ............................................................. 11 2.3. UNIX and the GNU/Linux ............................................................................ 12 2.3.1. Standards, recommendations and variants ........................................ 12 2.3.2. GNU/Linux ....................................................................................... 13 2. Booting up ........................................................................................................................... 16 1. Pre-boot scenarios ...................................................................................................... 16 1.1. Preparing the boot from a drive ..................................................................... 17 1.1.1. The MBR .......................................................................................... 17 1.1.2. Partitions types ................................................................................. 19 2. The boot process ........................................................................................................ 21 2.1. Windows boot process .................................................................................. 22 2.1.1. Boot loaders ...................................................................................... 22 2.1.2. Kernel load ....................................................................................... 22 2.1.3. Session manager ............................................................................... 22 2.2. Linux boot process ........................................................................................ 23 2.2.1. Boot loaders ...................................................................................... 23 2.2.2. Kernel load ....................................................................................... 24 2.2.3. The init process ................................................................................. 25 2.2.4. Runlevels .......................................................................................... 26 3. File systems and files .......................................................................................................... 28 1. Basic terms ................................................................................................................ 28 1.1. File ................................................................................................................ 28 1.2. File system .................................................................................................... 29 1.3. Directory ....................................................................................................... 30 1.3.1. The folder metaphor ......................................................................... 31 1.4. Path ............................................................................................................... 31 1.5. Hidden files ................................................................................................... 32 1.6. Special files on Unix ..................................................................................... 33 1.7. Redirection .................................................................................................... 35 1.8. Pipes .............................................................................................................. 36 1.8.1. Pipes under DOS .............................................................................. 36 2. File systems under Windows ..................................................................................... 37 3. File systems under UNIX .......................................................................................... 37 4. The File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) .............................................................. 37 4. Working with files .............................................................................................................. 44 1. Command in DOS (and in the Windows command line environment) ..................... 44 1.1. Directory handling ........................................................................................ 45 1.2. File handling ................................................................................................. 47 2. Linux commands ....................................................................................................... 48 2.1. General file handling commands ................................................................... 48 2.1.1. touch ................................................................................................. 48 2.1.2. cp ...................................................................................................... 49 2.1.3. mv ..................................................................................................... 49 2.1.4. rm ...................................................................................................... 49 2.1.5. find .................................................................................................... 50 2.2. Directory handling ........................................................................................ 51 iii Created by XMLmind XSL-FO Converter. Operating Systems - Lecture Notes 2.2.1. pwd ................................................................................................... 51 2.2.2. cd ...................................................................................................... 51 2.2.3. ls ....................................................................................................... 51 2.2.4. mkdir ................................................................................................ 52 2.2.5. rmdir ................................................................................................. 52 5. Common Filter programs .................................................................................................... 54 1. DOS ........................................................................................................................... 54 2. Linux ......................................................................................................................... 54 2.1. cat .................................................................................................................. 54 2.2. colrm ............................................................................................................. 55 2.3. cut .................................................................................................................. 55 2.4. grep ............................................................................................................... 56 2.4.1. Patterns for searching ....................................................................... 57 2.5. head ............................................................................................................... 58 2.6. paste .............................................................................................................. 58 2.7. rev ................................................................................................................. 59 2.8. sed ................................................................................................................. 59 2.9. sort ................................................................................................................ 60 2.10. uniq ............................................................................................................. 61 2.11. wc ................................................................................................................ 62 2.12. tail ............................................................................................................... 62 2.13. tr .................................................................................................................. 62 2.14. tee ...............................................................................................................