Lasius Niger Et Myrmica Rubra

Lasius Niger Et Myrmica Rubra

Communauté française de Belgique Université libre de Bruxelles Faculté des Sciences Service d’Ecologie sociale Etude expérimentale et comparative de la myrmécochorie : le cas des fourmis dispersatrices Lasius niger et Myrmica rubra. Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade académique de Docteur ès Sciences par Pablo Servigne Directeur de thèse Dr Claire Detrain Octobre 2008 Etude expérimentale et comparative de la myrmécochorie Table des matières AVANT-PROPOS .............................................................................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 5 DEFINITIONS ET GENERALITES....................................................................................................................... 5 L’EVOLUTION DE LA MYRMECOCHORIE ........................................................................................................ 6 DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIQUE...................................................................................................................... 7 DISPERSION PRIMAIRE ET SECONDAIRE ....................................................................................................... 13 LES ETAPES DU PROCESSUS MYRMECOCHORIQUE....................................................................................... 13 LES AVANTAGES SELECTIFS POUR LES PLANTES ......................................................................................... 14 LES AVANTAGES POUR LES FOURMIS........................................................................................................... 17 QUELS TRAITS DES GRAINES INFLUENCENT LE COMPORTEMENT DES FOURMIS ?...................................... 17 OBJECTIFS ET METHODES..................................................................................................................... 21 PARTIE 1 - EXPERIMENTATION .................................................................................................................... 21 PARTIE 2 – SYNTHESE.................................................................................................................................. 26 CHAPITRE 1 - ANT-SEED INTERACTIONS: COMBINED EFFECTS OF ANT AND PLANT SPECIES ON SEED REMOVAL PATTERNS ......................................................................................... 31 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 33 MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................................................................... 34 RESULTS........................................................................................................................................................ 39 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................. 46 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................................. 50 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 50 RESULTATS ANNEXES................................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPITRE 2 - OPENING MYRMECOCHORY’S BLACK BOX: WHAT HAPPENS INSIDE THE ANT NEST?........................................................................................................................................... 61 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 62 MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................................................................... 63 RESULTS........................................................................................................................................................ 65 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................. 73 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... 76 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 76 RESULTATS ANNEXES................................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPITRE 3 - SEED DESICCATION LIMITS REMOVAL BY ANTS............................................ 83 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 84 MATERIALS AND METHODS.......................................................................................................................... 85 RESULTS........................................................................................................................................................ 87 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................. 91 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................................................. 94 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 94 2 Servigne P. Thèse de doctorat – Université libre de Bruxelles – 2008 CHAPITRE 4 - WHAT FEATURES MAKE ANTS MAJOR SEED DISPERSERS? ....................... 99 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 100 THE UBIQUITY AND DIVERSITY OF ANT SPECIES........................................................................................ 102 THE ANT SIZE .............................................................................................................................................. 102 THE ANT DIET ............................................................................................................................................. 104 THE FORAGING STRATEGIES....................................................................................................................... 107 THE BEHAVIOURAL FLEXIBILITY: SENSORY LEARNING ............................................................................ 109 THE PHENOLOGY AND RHYTHMS OF THE COLONY .................................................................................... 111 THE NEST .................................................................................................................................................... 112 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................. 114 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 115 CHAPITRE 5 - MYRMECOCHORY IN EUROPEAN MESIC HABITATS: WHICH PLANT SPECIES ARE INVOLVED?..................................................................................................................... 127 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 128 MATERIAL AND METHODS.......................................................................................................................... 129 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 130 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................................. 135 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................. 135 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... 136 CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES.................................................................................................... 147 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ....................................................................................................................................... 155 ANNEXE........................................................................................................................................................ 171 RESUME........................................................................................................................................................ 175 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................... 177 REMERCIEMENTS...................................................................................................................................

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