ROBIN’S ADOLESCENT IDENTITY EXAMINED THROUGH CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS by RACHEL MENKHUS B.A., University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 2018 A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Colorado Colorado Springs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Communication 2019 This thesis for the Master of Arts degree by Rachel Menkhus has been approved for the Department of Communication By Christopher Bell, Chair David Nelson Maja Krakowiak Date August 1, 2019 ii Menkhus, Rachel (M.A., Communication) Robin’s Adolescent Identity Examined Through Critical Discourse Analysis Thesis directed by Associate Professor Christopher Bell ABSTRACT This research examines the social identity roles that are typically attributed to the popular Batman sidekick, Robin. This study looks at how each iteration of the character differs within the historical context of the character while also examining the impact social identity has on the character and story within the text. Social identity is how people might see themselves within a group of their peers and their culture (Leary and Tangney, 2012). This identity most often includes a person’s ethnicity, class, sexuality, sex, and gender (2012). All aspects of social identity have significant impacts on the livelihoods of people and their peers; therefore, it becomes important when studying popular culture to be mindful of what these social identities mean within certain contexts. Keywords: comic books, masculinity, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, class, adolescents iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Dr. Bell for your advisement and constant encouragement To Rebecca for support through all my studies To Alex for your careful eye and thoughtful feedback “I can no other answer make, but thanks, And thanks, and ever thanks.” William Shakespeare, Twelfth Night “Maybe I made a mistake yesterday, but yesterday’s me is still me. I am who I am today, with all my faults. Tomorrow I might be a tiny bit wiser, and that’s me, too. These faults and mistakes are what I am, making up the brightest stars in the constellation of my life.” Kim Nam Jun, UNICEF iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 Statement of Problem ...........................................................................................6 Specific Purpose ...................................................................................................9 Significance of Study .........................................................................................10 II. LITERATURE ..............................................................................................................12 Gender & Sexuality ............................................................................................12 Class & Race ......................................................................................................22 The Other Robins ...............................................................................................22 Historical Context ..............................................................................................27 Canonical Robins ...............................................................................................29 Retroactive Continuity & Other Earths……………………………………….30 III. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................36 Critical Discourse Analysis ................................................................................36 Sampling.............................................................................................................37 Coding ................................................................................................................38 Procedure ............................................................................................................40 IV. DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................41 Dick Grayson......................................................................................................41 Detective Comics #38 .................................................................................41 Detective Comics #161 ...............................................................................42 Detective Comics #316 ...............................................................................43 All Star Batman & Robin #4 .......................................................................43 Class................................................................................................................45 v Race/Ethnicity ................................................................................................45 Jason Todd..........................................................................................................47 Batman #408 ...............................................................................................48 Batman #411 ...............................................................................................49 Batman #422 ...............................................................................................50 Batman #428 ...............................................................................................51 Sexual Orientation/Gender .............................................................................52 Race/Ethnicity ................................................................................................53 Class................................................................................................................53 Youth ..............................................................................................................54 Violence ..........................................................................................................54 Tim Drake ..........................................................................................................55 Batman #436 ...............................................................................................55 Robin #3 ......................................................................................................56 Robin #173 ..................................................................................................57 Batman #652 ...............................................................................................58 Sexual Orientation/Gender .............................................................................59 Race/Ethnicity ................................................................................................60 Class................................................................................................................60 Youth ..............................................................................................................60 Violence ..........................................................................................................61 Damian Wayne ...................................................................................................62 Batman #655 ...............................................................................................62 Batman and Robin #14................................................................................63 Robin: Son of Batman #1 ............................................................................63 vi Batman and Robin #25................................................................................65 Sexual Orientation/Gender .............................................................................65 Race/Ethnicity ................................................................................................67 Class................................................................................................................67 Youth ..............................................................................................................67 Violence ..........................................................................................................68 Robin as One Unit: The Bigger Picture .............................................................68 V. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS ...........................................................................75 Rejecting Empiricism .........................................................................................75 Strengths .............................................................................................................75 VI. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................78 Prior Knowledge………………………………………………………………74 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................82 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Representation in popular media is essential in a growing and diverse market. Since the advent of Jewish illegal alien Clark Kent – also known as Superman – comic books have long been regarded as a progressive medium. At first glance, comic books give off an air of progressiveness, advocating for social change for specific groups of people, with characters such as Wonder Woman, and Captain America and, Captain Marvel. This genre of popular literature has indeed created a name and a niche for itself. Nonetheless, there are