An Introductory Note to Gaziz Gubajdullin's History of Tatars Title and His Age Author(s) YAMAGUCHI, Iwao Citation 鳥取環境大学紀要 (2005), 3: 31-38 Issue Date 2005-02 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/68517 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University 鳥取環境大学紀要 第 3 号（2005.2）pp.31 －38 , An Introductory Note to Gaziz Gubajdullin s History of Tatars and His Age YAMAGUCHI Iwao 1994 年にガジズ・グバイドリンの『タタール史』がモスクワで出版された。これは最初の本 格的なタタール史であったタタール語で書かれたものの、ロシア語による抄訳であるが、驚かされるのは これがわずか 500 部しか印刷されなかったことである。しかも著者その人はカザン大学を首席で卒業し、 タタール人で最初のカザン大学の教授になり、学者としての令名も高かった人である。なぜそのようなこ とが起こり得たのかを知ろうとしたが、その過程で彼が 1937 年ソ連秘密警察によって拷問の上、銃殺さ れたことが分かった。汎トルコ主義者だというのがその罪名であった。それ以前にも名著として高く評価 されていたフジャコフの『カザン汗国史要説』も 1923 年カザンでわずか 1000 部出版されただけで絶版に なり目にすることができなかった。しかもフジャコフも秘密警察の手で、「人民の敵」として銃殺されてい たのである．なぜこのようなことが起こったのかについて調べようとしたのがこれである。したがってこ れは学術論文としての質を持つものでなく、単なる解説と推測に過ぎない。断っておきたい。 ガジズ・グバイドリン、フジャコフ、タタール史学者、銃殺 Abstract ： In 1994 History of Tatars was published in Moscow. This is the abridged Russian translation of the main work of Gaziz Gubajdullin, who graduated Kazan University summa cum laude and for the first time among Tatars became professor of his Alma Mater. Moreover, it is astonishing that only 500 copies of this book were printed. Everyone would like to know why such a unbelievable phenomenon could occur. Searching for the reason it has come out, that he was brutally tortured and shot to death on charges of Pan-Turkism. Coincidentally, only 1000 copies were printed of the famed Outline of the History of Kazan Khanate published in 1923 in Kazan by Khudjakov, who, like Gaziz, was arrested by the hand of secret police, tortured cruelly, and shot to death as“an enemy of people”. The aim of this paper is only to know the background of the age through which they had to live. Keywords Gaziz Gubajdullin, Khudjakov, Tatar historian, being shot to death. 1. Introduction (Gaziz Gubajdullin) was born into family of a rich Kazan In 1994 an abridged Russian translation of Gaziz Gubaj- merchant and a famous patron of enlightenment and sciences. , dullin s Tatar Tarihy (Татар Тарихы, History of Tatars) He graduated Kazan University summa cum laude, a writer and was published by an anonymous publisher‘Moscow historian, the first professor among lycée’(Московский лицей). It may seem incredible that only Tatars. In 1937 he was shot to 500 copies of this work were printed on bad quality paper like death in jail as an ideologue of pulp. It is no wonder to see, therefore, that its front page has a Pan-Turkism. tiny label which reads as follows: This book is the first We are very anxious to know translation of the tribal history of Tatars, unique up to this what circumstances have influenced day. Its number of copies is 5 0 0, thus making it almost the destiny of the author, as well as unavailable even at the point of its appearance. the age in which he had to live. This In this connection, on the back cover of the book we read, is the aim and the main motive of , perhaps it may be the publishers comment, that G. Gaziz this introductory note. － 31 － 鳥取環境大学紀要 第 3 号 2. Personal background this period Russian, German, French, Greek and Latin. Materials telling about his personal background are rather At last, in 1909 Gaziz successfully passed the entrance scarce, among which we have an article titled Gaziz examination and entered into the Faculty of Jurisdiction of , Gubajdullin, our fellow countryman --- Gaziz Gubajdullin s two Kazan University (at that time, only ten State Universities had kinds of life written by“Moscow Council of Tatar Students” been founded all over the Russian Empire.) (МТСС --- Московское Татарское Студенческое Собрание). Since the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907 the voice of the reactionary Russian chauvinism was growing stronger 2-1 Family of Gaziz Gubajdullin and his childhood under the slogan of“Russia for Russians!”stirring thus the According to this document Gaziz Salikhovich Gubajdullin awe and anxiety on the part of non-Russian inhabitants was born in 1887, as mentioned above, into family of a rich throughout the Empire including, of course, Tatars. Kazan merchant. His mother was one of the daughters of Amidst these disquiet situations Gaziz changed his course Aituganov, also a famous millionaire of Kazan. Gaziz started and entered into the Faculty of Philology,“being finally his school life according to the will of his father in a school determined to devote his efforts not for making Russia a attached to the Muslim Mosque, civilized constitutional state, but for searching for the answer to madrasa, named“Khalidiya”. In the question, sacramental for Tatars, and for all of the non- this period, which began in 1895 Russian inhabitants as well within the territory of Russian and continued up to 1904, there Empire: Who are we? Where we have come from? Where we came to penetrate even into the wall are going to?”, as the author of the above cited article put it. of this strict and conservative religious school many kinds of 2-3 Ideological development of Gaziz Gubajdullin secular topics: on the development According to this document, about the ideological develop- of industries, on the construction of ment of Gaziz in this period wrote A. S. Alishev, a Soviet trunk lines of railway, on the historian, as follows.“His ideological development until the rushing Europeanization of the October Revolution was made under the influence of the social country, etc. In the beginning of the twentieth century the circumstances of the time, in which Tatar national intellectuals whole of Russia was surprised at the newly invented played certain roles. On the other hand, he underwent the ever- technologies: telephone, cinematograph and photograph. increasing influence of progressive and democratic movement During this period Gaziz learned Koran, Islamic legal especially among younger generations. He himself writes, that regulations by heart; studied Arabic, Turkish and Persian in the year 1905 the ideologies of Leo Tolstoy, of narodniki, languages, read works of mediaeval authors and those of that is, Russian populists, and of social democrats began to mediaeval Muslim philosophers in Arabic, in Turkish and in penetrate into these generations. He was a friend of Gafuri 1) 2) Persian. He is said to have come into contact with European Kulakhmetov , was acquainted with Kh. Yamashev (one of culture through Turkish translations. the most famous Tatar bolshevist). However, as for his own view, he had not attained the level 2-2 Classical gymnasium and Kazan University of social democracy. His beloved teacher in the University, In 1905, just when the Russo-Japanese War ended in defeat professor N. N. Firsov firmly stood on the position of for the Russian side, Gaziz told his father that he would not narodniki. Outside of the University, G. Gubajdullin took part succeed to his profession and that he would like to go another in many circles of progressive Tatar youngsters. His standpoint , way to acquire Western culture. Without his father s financial was near to that of F. Amirkhan and of revolutionary aid, earning money by the job of private teacher, he began to democrats. G. Gubajdullin never was a revolutionist.” prepare for the entrance examination of classical gymnasium. In 1906 Gaziz passed the entrance examination and became a 2-4 Scientific career gymnasiast, i.e. pupil of gymnasium. However, as at that time In the year 1911 Gaziz published his first treatise under the apart from the Russian language the knowledge of other foreign title of Essay on Marco Polo in a magazine Shura, and then languages was also required, Gaziz is said to have studied in wrote his de facto graduation thesis Marco Polo As Historical － 32 － , YAMAGUCHI An Introductory Note to Gaziz Gubajdullin s History of Tatars and His Age Sources of Mongols. Siberia, to Vladivostok. Meanwhile in relation with this From 1914 to 1915 Gaziz put a great effort in research, in incident Gejda took part in the anti-Soviet White Army because compilation of a collection of articles, which was the first the Soviet Government intended to drive them out to the Far fundamental historical work of Tatars, dedicated to the East. To evade Red Army pursuing after them the legions centenary of the birth of Tatar illuminator Sh. Mardzhani3) and moved eastwards along the Trans-Siberian Railway laying which, again, is said to be of special value mainly for Tatar siege to the cities and occupying them. Because of the brutal history before the October revolution. behaviors of the members of these legions they were called In the year 1914 Gaziz married and began to teach history belochekhs, that is,“white Czechs”, with hate and, with incognito in one of madrassas“Mukhamadiya”which contempt perhaps. introduced newly reformed method of education. On the 7th August 1918, on their way toward the East In 1916 Gaziz graduated University, as mentioned above, belochekhs occupied Kazan and stayed there until the 10th summa cum laude. Nevertheless, he could neither enter September. During their stay they massacred hundreds of graduate school nor work as a member of the University, inhabitants by means of hanging or shooting. It is said, that all perhaps because of his‘problematic’political tendencies of the poles and pillars in the Petrova Park were hung with during his student life and, as he himself conjectured, because corpses of citizens or with their quartered6) members. They also of his Tatar origin. Moreover, he was obliged to quit Kazan on plundered almost all treasures - gold, silver, platinum, jewellery the‘advice’of the governor, that is, he was expelled from the - throughout the city. Anyway, Czech legions finally arrived at city. He became a teacher of history of a private Tatar seminary Vladivostok and negotiated with the Japanese Army to be in a small city of Troitsk. repatriated by sea.