TemaNord 2015:517 TemaNord TemaNord 2015:517 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Invasive Alien Species Pathway Analysis and Horizon Scanning for Countries in Northern Europe Invasive Alien Species Invasive alien species are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss, due to their ability to disperse and cause negative effects on native species and the environment. To reduce the introduction of invasive alien species in the future, preventive measures need to be implemented, and knowledge about pathways of introduction of new and potentially invasive alien species can facilitate tailor-made measures. The aim of this project is to contribute to the fulfilment of obligations in Aichi target 9 and the Biodiversity Strategy 2020 target 5, by identifying and prioritising the most significant pathways of introduction for invasive alien species by conducting a pathway analysis and horizon scanning. This identification and prioritisation is done for 10 participating countries and territories part of the NOBANIS network to assist them in minimising and preventing further introductions and establishment of invasive alien species. Based on the results from the pathway analysis and horizon scanning, this report presents a prioritised list of pathways of interest, general recommendations on measures to control pathways of interest, and advice on development of an early warning system for invasive alien species. TemaNord 2015:517 ISBN 978-92-893-3982-7 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-3984-1 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-893-3983-4 (EPUB) ISSN 0908-6692 TN2015517 omslag.indd 1 11-05-2015 09:20:51 Invasive Alien Species Pathway Analysis and Horizon Scanning for Countries in Northern Europe NOBANIS TemaNord 2015:517 Invasive Alien Species Pathway Analysis and Horizon Scanning for Countries in Northern Europe NOBANIS ISBN 978‐92‐893‐3982‐7 (PRINT) ISBN 978‐92‐893‐3984‐1 (PDF) ISBN 978‐92‐893‐3983‐4 (EPUB) http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2015‐517 TemaNord 2015:517 ISSN 0908‐6692 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Layout: Hanne Lebech Cover photo: Arion lusitanicus by Hans Erik Svart; Solidago canadensis by Hans Erik Svart; Heracleum mantegazzianum by Helene Nyegaard Hvid; Rosa rugosa by Helene Nyegaard Hvid; Trachemys scripta elegans by Henrik Bringsøe; Branta canadensis by Inger Weidema; Lupinus polyphyllus by Merike Linnamägi; Pacifastacus leniusculus by Merike Linnamägi; Reynoutria japonica by Merike Linnamägi; Nyctereutes procyonoides by Merike Linnamägi; Sciurus carolinensis by Merike Linnamägi Print: Rosendahls‐Schultz Grafisk Printed in Denmark This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recom‐ mendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.norden.org/en/publications Nordic co‐operation Nordic co‐operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involv‐ ing Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co‐operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an im‐ portant role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co‐operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK‐1061 Copenhagen K Phone (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Content 1. Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 9 3. Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 11 3.1 General approach ............................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Pathway analysis ................................................................................................................ 13 3.3 Horizon scanning ................................................................................................................ 19 3.4 Prioritisation of pathways .............................................................................................. 25 4. Pathway analysis .............................................................................................................................. 27 4.1 Pathways of introduced species ................................................................................... 28 4.2 Invasiveness of introduced species............................................................................. 39 4.3 Taxonomic groups of introduced species ................................................................. 50 4.4 Temporal development of pathways.......................................................................... 97 4.5 Species origin and the pathway of introduction ................................................. 104 5. Horizon scanning ........................................................................................................................... 125 5.1 Nordic region ..................................................................................................................... 127 5.2 Baltic region ....................................................................................................................... 131 5.3 Islands of the North Atlantic Ocean ......................................................................... 134 5.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 136 6. Discussions ...................................................................................................................................... 139 6.1 Pathway analysis ............................................................................................................. 139 6.2 Horizon scanning ............................................................................................................. 144 7. Prioritisation of pathways ......................................................................................................... 149 7.1 Nordic region ..................................................................................................................... 150 7.2 Baltic region ....................................................................................................................... 153 7.3 Islands of the North Atlantic Ocean ......................................................................... 157 8. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 159 8.1 Pathways of concern ...................................................................................................... 159 8.2 Early warning system .................................................................................................... 161 9. Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... 165 References ................................................................................................................................................ 167 For the report .................................................................................................................................. 167 For the information search on Angiosperms, Coleoptera and Diptera ................... 168 10. Summary (NO) ................................................................................................................................ 169 11. Summary (FI) .................................................................................................................................. 171 Appendices ...............................................................................................................................................173 Appendix 1: Classification of pathways in Norway .........................................................173 Appendix 2: List of experts ........................................................................................................175 Appendix 3: Assessment scores and criteria .....................................................................177 Appendix 4: Temporal development of pathways in the Nordic region ................178 Appendix 5: Temporal development of pathways in the Baltic region ...................179 Appendix 6: High risk species for all regions .....................................................................180 Appendix 7: Medium risk species for all regions .............................................................183 Appendix 8: Species not assessed ...........................................................................................187 Appendix 9: High risk species for the Nordic region ......................................................189 Appendix 10: Medium risk species for the Nordic region ..................................................192 Appendix 11: High risk species for the Baltic region ......................................................196