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The Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Basic Education Policy Reform in Lusaka Province of Zambia Peggy Mwanza PhD The University of Edinburgh 2013 Table of Contents DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................i ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................iv DEDICATION.........................................................................................................................vi ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................vii INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1: Context of the Study and the Development of Basic Education in Zambia...................................................................................................... 7 1.1. General Background of the study area: Zambia.................................................7 1.2. The current structure of the Education system.................................................11 1.3. The meaning and scope of Basic Education.....................................................12 1.4. The Development of Education in Zambia during the Colonial Period...........14 1.5. Educational Developments at Basic School level in Zambia after the attainment of Independence.............................................................................29 1.6. Educational problems in Developing Countries...............................................46 CHAPTER 2: Global Concerns on Basic Education, Market Driven Policies and Education.......................................................................................................61 2.1. Education for All: Jomtien and Dakar..................................................................63 2.2. Human Capital and Human Rights Approaches to Education.............................85 2.3. Markets and Education Policy.............................................................................88 CHAPTER 3: Non-Governmental Organisations and Developmental Activities......... 116 3.1. What are NGOs?...............................................................................................118 3.2. Classification of NGOs.....................................................................................119 3.3. Origins of NGOs...............................................................................................120 3.4. History and Growth of NGOs in Africa............................................................121 3.5. NGO Roles and Functions.................................................................................133 3.6. Importance of NGOs..........................................................................................137 3.7. NGOs and the State............................................................................................142 3.8. NGOs and Donors................................................................................................150 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................162 4.1. Research Aim..........................................................................................................164 4.2. Research Questions.................................................................................................164 4.3. The Research Paradigm..........................................................................................165 4.4. Ontological Issues..................................................................................................169 4.5. The Role of the Researcher......................................................................................170 4.6. Case Study Research................................................................................................173 4.7. Research Instruments...............................................................................................189 4.8. Research Methods....................................................................................................189 4.9. Data Analysis............................................................................................................211 4.10. Validity and Reliability- Trustworthiness...............................................................214 4.11. Ethical Considerations.............................................................................................218 4.12. Field Challenges......................................................................................................219 4.13. Research Question....................................................................................................220 4.14. Summary..................................................................................................................220 CHAPTER 5: PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS ...................................221 5.1. Fieldwork Report.......................................................................................................222 5.1.1. NGO Activities in the Education sector in Zambia........................................222 5.1.2. Forms of NGO Provision for Basic Education in Zambia.............................225 5.1.3. NGO main Stakeholders ................................................................................227 5.1.4. Involvement of NGOs in Education Policy Reform ......................................228 5.1.5. How NGOs participate in Policy Reform in Zambia......................................233 5.1.6. Reasons for Influencing Policy........................................................................238 5.1.7. Effect on Policy Decisions................................................................................238 5.1.8. Interactions between NGOs and Government....................................................243 5.1.9. NGOs and Donor Priorities....................................................................................247 5.1.10. How NGO engagement in education policy has affected education provision.....252 5.1.11. Challenges faced by NGOs in Service Delivery and Advocacy...........................262 CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE PARTICIPATION OF NGOS IN EDUCATION POLICY AT THE BASIC EDUCATION LEVEL IN ZAMBIA (1) .................................................................................................265 6.1. The work of NGOs in Zambia in relation to education policy.......................................267 6.2. NGO Advocacy and Lobbying in the Education Sector in Zambia................................277 6.3. NGOs and education policy in Zambia...........................................................................285 CHAPTER 7: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE PARTICIPATION OF NGOS IN EDUCATION POLICY AT THE BASIC EDUCATION LEVEL IN ZAMBIA (2) .................................................................................................290 7.1. Government and NGO Relations in Zambia...................................................................291 7.2. Donor-NGO Relations.....................................................................................................298 7.3. Sector-Wide Approaches: the role of NGOs and Government.......................................302 7.4. Access and Quality issues in Basic Education in Zambia...............................................311 7.5. Effect of Market Driven Policies on Education in Zambia.............................................318 7.6. Participation of NGOs in Basic Education policy reforms and the achievement of EFA in Zambia........................................................................................................................331 CHAPTER 8: NGOs IN THE EDUCATION POLICY FIELD......................................335 8.1. The main Research Findings.......................................................................................335 8. 2. The Role of NGOs in the Education Sector in Zambia..............................................336 8.3. NGO- Government interaction in the Education Policy Field....................................338 8.4. NGOs in Basic Education Improvement in Zambia: strengthening the role of NGOs.............................................................................................................................361 8.6. Concluding Remarks.....................................................................................................366