Technical Series Report No VI. 22 May 20, 2009 Livelihood Baseline Analysis Baidoa-Urban Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit - Somalia Box 1230, Village Market Nairobi, Kenya Tel: 254-20-4000000 Fax: 254-20-4000555 Website: www.fsnau.org Email: [email protected] Technical and Funding Agencies Managerial Support European Commission FSNAU Technical Series Report No VI. 18 ii Issued May 20, 2009 Acknowledgements This assessment would not have been possible without funding from the European Commission (EC) and the US Office of Foreign Disaster and Assistance (OFDA). FSAU would like to extend a special thanks to FEWS NET for their funding contributions and technical support, especially to Alex King, a consultant of the Food Economy Group (FEG) who lead the urban analysis. The study benefited from the contributions made by Mohamed Yusuf Aw-Dahir, the FEWS NET Representative to Somalia, and Sidow Ibrahim Addow, FEWS NET Market and Trade Advisor. FSAU would also like to extend a special thanks to Bay region and Baidoa local government authorities and agencies, the Baidoa Intellectual Association and the various other partner organizations and community members that provided information for the assessment. The fieldwork and analysis of this study would not have been possible without the leading baseline expertise and work of the two FSAU Senior Livelihood Analysts and the FSAU Livelihoods Baseline Team consisting of 7 analysts, who collected and analyzed the field data and who continue to work and deliver high quality outputs under very difficult conditions in Somalia. This team was lead by FSAU Lead Livelihood Baseline Livelihood Analyst, Abdi Hussein Roble, and Assistant Lead Livelihoods Baseline Analyst, Abdulaziz Moalin Aden, and the team of FSAU Field Analysts included, Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud, Abdirahaman Mohamed Yusuf, Yusuf Warsame Mire, Mohanoud Ibrahim Asser and Abdulbari Abdi sheikh. The gender analysis was led by FSAU Gender Analyst, Faiza Ibrahim Mohamed, with special contributions by Ayoo Odicoh, Gender and HIV/AIDS Coordinator, FAO Somalia and Cecilia Kaijser, IASC Gender Advisor OCHA Somalia. This study would not have been possible without the FSAU Technical Data Analysis Support Team, which includes Research Assistant, Zareen Iqbal, Data Systems Manager Kamau Wanjohi, Data Processor Andrew Mutonyi, GIS Specialist Michael Arunga, and Publications Officer Barasa Sindani, and its Nutrition Team, particularly Project Manager Grainne Moloney and Deputy Project Manager Ahono Busili. A special acknowledgement to FSAU CTA, Cindy Holleman for her contributions in the development of FSAU’s Baseline Livelihood Analysis framework which combines both livelihood assets and livelihood strategies, along with sector trend profiling utilizing monitoring data, and the expanded Baseline Livelihood Analysis Report and Profile structure. European Commission FSNAU Technical Series Report No V. 18 iii Issued May 20, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. METHODOLOGY 2 2.1 Standard Baseline Livelihood Analysis 2 2.2 Expanded Livelihood Baseline Analysis 3 3. URBAN LIVELIHOOD ZONE DESCRIPTION 5 3.1 Background 5 3.2 Zoning 6 3.3 Historical Timeline 6 4. SEASONALITY AND MARKETS 8 4.1 Seasonal Calendar Overview 8 4.2 Baidoa Market 8 4.3 Women and the Market 9 4.4 Cereal Trade 9 4.5 Livestock Trade 10 4.6 Labour and Wage Rates 12 4.7 Water Availability 12 4.8 Hunger and Disease 12 5. URBAN WEALTH BREAKDOWN 13 6. SECTORAL OVERVIEW 15 6.1 Livestock Sector 15 6.2 Construction Sector 17 6.3 Transport Sector 18 6.4 Vegetable and Fruit Sector 19 6.5 Telecommunication Sector 19 6.6 Qaad Sector 20 6.7 Firewood and Charcoal Sector 22 6.8 Water Sector 23 6.9 Remittances Sector 23 6.10 Other Food and Non-food Trade and Services Sector 24 6.11 Salaried Employment Sector 24 6.12 Summary of Sectoral Inventory 24 7. LIVELIHOOD ASSETS 26 7.1 Human Capital 26 7.2 Social Capital 28 7.3 Physical Capital 28 7.4 Financial Capital 30 7.5 Natural Capital 30 8. LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES 32 8.1 Sources of Food 32 8.2 Sources of Income 33 8.3 Expenditure 34 8.4 Risk, Vulnerability Analysis and Coping Strategies 35 9. FUTURE MONITORING 36 10. MAIN CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ACTION 39 10.1 Recommendation for Action 40 11. APPENDIX 41 11.1 References 41 11.2 Interviews 41 11.3 Baidoa Key Informant Summary 42 11.4 Expenditure Patterns for All Wealth Groups 44 11.5 Sectoral Inventory- Food and Non-food Trade and Services Sector 50 11.6 List of Participants for Baidoa Urban Baseline Livelihood Assessment 52 11.7 Interview Summary Form: Urban Wealth Breakdown 53 11.8 Interview Summary Form: Urban Household 57 11.9 Glossary 63 FSNAU Technical Series Report No VI. 18 iv Issued May 20, 2009 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Gender Composition for Key Informants Interview 3 Table 2: Composition of Focus Groups by Town Section, Wealth Group and Gender 6 Table 3: Baidoa Historical Timeline 2002 – 2008 7 Table 4: Seasonal Calendar 8 Table 5: Sectoral Summary by Wealth Group 15 Table 6: Livestock Market Activities and Estimated Monthly Income 16 Table 7: Meat Market Activities and Estimated Daily Income 16 Table 8: Milk Market Traders and Estimated Daily Income 17 Table 9: Construction Activities and Estimated Daily Income 18 Table 10: Ownership in Transport Sector during Reference Year 18 Table 11: Transport Activities and Estimated Daily Income 19 Table 12: Percentage of Locally Produced and Imported Fruits and Vegetables 19 Table 13: Fruit and Vegetable Market Traders and Estimated Daily Income 19 Table 14: Telecommunications Sector and Estimated Daily Income 20 Table 15: Qaad Sector Activities and Estimated Daily Income 21 Table 16: Retail Value of Qaad Imported through Baidoa Airport 21 Table 17: Description of Urban Actors in Baidoa Qaad Sector 21 Table 18: Firewood and Charcoal Sector Activities and Estimated Daily Income 22 Table 19: Water Sector Activities and Estimated Daily Income 23 Table 20: Money Transfer Companies (Vendors) 23 Table 21: Remittance Sector Activities and Estimated Daily Income 24 Table 22: Summary of Food and Non-food Trade and Services Sector 24 Table 23: Salaried Sector Activities and Estimated Daily Income 24 Table 24: Baidoa Household Composition by Wealth Group 25 Table 25: School Attendance by Wealth Group and Gender 27 Table 26: Quantities of Food Purchased Per Month by Wealth Group 31 Table 27: Baidoa Average Monthly Income Levels 34 Table 28: Minimum Expenditure Basket 36 Table 29: Proposal for Monitoring Baidoa Urban Livelihood 37 Table 30: Average Income Levels by Wealth Group (SoSh and USD) 38 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Trends in Sorghum Prices (5-Yr Average) 10 Figure 2: Trends in Sorghum Prices 10 Figure 3: Trends in Imported Commodity Prices 10 Figure 4: Trends in Imported Rice Prices 10 Figure 5: Trends in Imported Vegetable Oil Prices 10 Figure 6: Trends in Imported Sugar Prices 10 Figure 7: Trends in Livestock Prices 11 Figure 8: Trends in Local Quality Camel Prices 11 Figure 9: Trends in Local Quality Cattle Prices 11 Figure 10: Trends in Camel Milk Prices 11 Figure 11: Trends in Unskilled Labour Wage Rates 12 Figure 12: Trends in Terms of Trade (TOT) Labour to Sorghum 12 Figure 13: Baidoa Wealth Breakdown 13 Figure 14: Percentage of People in Each Wealth Group and Estimated Average Income Level 14 Figure 15: Percentage of People Involved in Live Animal Marketing by Wealth Group 16 Figure 16: Percentage of People Involved in Meat Marketing by Wealth Group 16 Figure 17: Percentage of People Involved in Milk Marketing by Wealth Group 17 Figure 18: Percentage of People Involved in Construction Activities by Wealth Group 17 Figure 19: Percentage of People Involved in Transport Activities by Wealth Group 18 Figure 20: Percentage of People Involved in Fruit and Vegetable Marketing by Wealth Group 19 Figure 21: Percentage of People Involved in Telecommunication Sector by Wealth Group 20 FSNAU Technical Series Report No V. 18 v Issued May 20, 2009 Figure 22: Percentage of People Involved in Qaad Marketing by Wealth Group 21 Figure 23: Percentage of People Involved Water Sector by Wealth Group 23 Figure 24: Percentage of People Involved in Remittances Sector by Wealth Group 25 Figure 25: Percentage of Total Malnutrition (Jan. ‘06 - Dec. ‘07) 26 Figure 26: Levels of Acute Malnourished Children in Baidoa District Sentinel Sites (2005-2006) 26 Figure 27: Sources of Food by Wealth Group 31 Figure 28: Composition of Diet by Wealth Group 31 Figure 29: Baidoa Urban Annual per Capita Cereal Consumption by Wealth Group 31 Figure 30: Average Monthly Income by Wealth Group 32 Figure 31: Expenditure Patterns by Wealth Group 33 Figure 32: Monthly Income of Very Poor Households Compared to Minimum Expenditure Basket 36 Figure 33: Cost of Minimum Basket in Baidoa (Mar. 07 - Oct. 08) 37 LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Somalia Administrative Units 1 Map 2: Baidoa and Surrounding Livelihood Zones 5 Map 3: Cereal Flows within the Country and Neighbouring Regions 9 Map 4: Somalia Maternal and Child Health Centres 25 Map 5: Infrastructure and Road Access 29 Map 6: Water Sources 30 Map 7: Bay Electricity Infrastructure 30 FSNAU Technical Series Report No VI. 18 vi Issued May 20, 2009 LIST OF ACRONYMS ARI Acute Respiratory Infection AWD Acute Watery Diarrhea CFR Crude Fatality Rate FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FEWS NET Famine Early Warning Systems Network FSAU Food Security Analysis Unit GAM Global Acute Malnutrition HEA Household Economy Approach IDP Internally Displaced Person IPC Integrated Phase Classification Lt Litre LZ Livelihood Zone MCH Maternal Child Health MUAC Mid-Upper Arm Circumference NGO Non-governmental organization PWA Post War Average PPP Purchasing Power Parity RRA Rahanweyne Resistance Army SNA Somali National Alliance SoSh Somali Shilling SRRC Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management TFG Transitional Federal Government UAE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USD United States Dollar HF High Frequency WFP World Food Program WHO World Health Organization FSNAU Technical Series Report No V.