Map 72 Cyprus Compiled by D. Rupp, 1994 Introduction Many factors, both ancient and not so ancient, have contributed to the cultural map that can be constructed of Cyprus between 1100 B.C. and A.D. 640. Before the beginning of the third century B.C. the island remained on the periphery of the Greek world. Only then did hellenization begin to permeate its entire society, not just the elite in the urban centers of some of the Iron Age kingdoms. Political and economic ties with the Levant, as well as cultural influences, had contributed significantly to shaping the Cypriote landscape in the Iron Age. Until hellenization irrevocably transformed Cypriote society and its use of the landscape in the Hellenistic period, the historical geography of the island must be understood in its own indigenous terms. Aside from the principal urban centers of the Iron Age kingdoms, Greek and Roman sources do not provide a wealth of detailed information on the geography of Cyprus. Extant epigraphical sources are likewise relatively mute on this topic. It is thus archaeology that must be employed as the primary source for historical geography. In the later nineteenth century, the plundering of chamber tombs and of rural sanctuaries under the guise of research was the norm in Cypriote archaeology. Although subsequently this regrettable approach was abandoned and the scientific excavation of kingdom centers commenced, fascination with the material culture revealed by tombs and by sanctuaries continued unabated. As a result, while there now exists a wealth of evidence for their location, overall distribution patterns and periods of occupation, by contrast the location, size and nature of settlements is much less well understood. Since the 1950s, archaeological surveys (conducted more or less systematically) have shed increasing light on the evolution of settlement patterns beyond the kingdom centers. Even so, the lack of adequate and uniform publication of these surveys still greatly diminishes our understanding. Before the Turkish invasion in 1974 most archaeological work was focused along the north coast, the central plain and the east coast. Since 1974 very little, if any, proper fieldwork and research have been done in these areas. Instead, almost all research is conducted in and along the north and east slopes of the Troodos Mountains, on the south coast and in the southwest region. Unprecedented agricultural, touristic and infrastructure development here have for the most part revealed more tombs and rural sanctuaries. The predilection for early Prehistoric and Bronze Age cultures among both Cypriote and foreign archaeologists has meant that the post-Bronze Age periods continue to receive only a modicum of attention. Thus our knowledge of the island’s historical geography in antiquity remains very uneven and uncertain. Ancient Cypriotes appear to have lived primarily in rural villages scattered across the landscape rather than in larger urban concentrations. The island was never really urbanized, except in a limited way from the Hellenistic period. Thus the environments in which the majority of the population lived have few, if any, of the cultural, architectural and epigraphic indicators normally used by classical archaeologists to locate and identify major settlements. The probable locations of these rural villages were discovered in most cases by archaeological survey. Since few of the artifact scatters assigned to postulated settlements have been tested by formal archaeological excavation, it is seldom certain whether they in fact represent the buried remains of an actual settlement at that location. The only such sites marked are those with evidence of prolonged occupation, or with extensive and substantial surface artifact scatters. Aside from major sanctuaries in the kingdom centers and some of the extra-mural sanctuaries dating to the Roman period, Cypriotes did not construct “temples” as we know them from the Greek and Roman world. Most Cypriote sanctuaries arose in the later eighth through sixth centuries B.C. in the rural hinterlands of the Iron Age kingdoms. Besides helping to define kingdom boundaries, they probably represent attempts by the ruling elite of the nascent kingdoms to establish a sense of territorial identity and loyalty among the rural inhabitants. The architectural embellishments of these small temenos shrines were limited and simple in the extreme. Thus, while the term “temple” is used for them, few can in fact be considered to have had a Greek or Roman-style temple as their 1096 MAP 72 CYPRUS architectural focus. Many probably had very limited architectural embellishment, or none at all. Often they are identified only from the discards of terracotta votive figurines found in dumps (favissae) in the area of the shrine. Literally thousands of ancient chamber tombs have been excavated in one way or another. They occur in isolation or in cemeteries. Which settlement they were associated with is frequently unclear. The map would be overwhelmed with cemetery symbols if all the known examples were included. The small sample marked are the ones most noteworthy for the island’s cultural and political development, and those most frequently cited because of unusual individual finds or the nature of the burial assemblage. Copper ore mining and related metallurgical activities in the Lower Pillow Lava Formation that rings the Troodos Mountains were an important economic activity throughout antiquity. Modern mining activities, however, and a lack of systematic study of the post-Bronze Age mining and metallurgical industries, leave many uncertainties. The map reflects this unsatisfactory state of knowledge. Directory All place names are in territory under the control of the Republic of Cyprus unless otherwise noted Abbreviation ARDAC Annual Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus [distinct from RDAC] Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference D2 Achaion Akte HRL N coast Karpass CYX Strabo 14.6.3; Ptol. 5.13.4 B2 Ag. Eirini ACH CYX Al-Radi 1983, 67-68 A2 Ag. Epiphanios HRL NW Neo Khorio Wallace 1984, 344-45 B3 Ag. Georgios L NW Ag. Nikolaos Fox 1987, 172-73 C3 Ag. Georgios RL at Lagoudera ARDAC 1966, 15 D2 Ag. Iakovos AHR CYX Hadjisavvas 1991, 102-103, 121 A2 Ag. Kononas CHR Fejfer 1991 A3 Ag. Leontios L Akhelia, SW Paphos ARDAC 1980, 43 B3 Ag. Mavri L near Alassa Karageorghis 1986, 876-77 A2 Ag. Nikolaos HRL Wallace 1984, 344 B3 Ag. Nikolaos R?L Alassa, SE Kalassa Hadjisavvas 1986, 63-64 B3 Ag. Stephanos L SE Pakhna Hadjisavvas 1988, 118-19 C3 Ag. Theodoros R Hadjisavvas 1987 E1 Ag. Trias L E Gialousa CYX Michaelides 1992, 78-80 C3 Ag. Tykhonas ACHR NW Amathous Petit 1991; 1992, 784-86 C2 Agrokipia ACHR Wallace 1982, 240, 243; Knapp 1995, 13-14 Aipeia? = Soloi A2 Akamanton? M. Hesychios ’Ακάµαντον A2 Akamas Pr. HR Cape Arnaoutis / Akamas RE 1; Wallace 1984 § Akamantis Pr. Akhini = Teratsia Akrotirion Pylai? = Thronoi Pr. E2 Alaas ACHR Gastria CYX Karageorghis 1975 C3 Alampria? CHRL Alampra RE Kypros, col. 95 C3 Almyras ACH near Ag. Varvara, SW Fasnacht 1992; 1996 Alampra A3 Alyki RL near Khlorakas, NE Hadjisavvas 1977, 225-26 Paphos C3 Amathous CHRL NE Lemesos PECS; Baurain 1981 §Cinyria? A Pliny, NH 5.130 §Nuria? A §Qarth.adašt A MAP 72 CYPRUS 1097 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference Ammochostos? = Arsinoe? E3 Ammos tou Kampouri R E Ag. Napa Hadjisavvas 1983, 317 C2 Androklou Oikos H Aglangia-Nyfia? CYX Mitford 1980, 254-55 B3 (A)Nogyra RL Anogyra Hadjioannou 1978, 104 [Aoos?] fl. = Barbaros? fl. D2 Aphrodision HRL NW Akanthou CYX PECS F1 Aphrodite Akraia, T. CHR at Cape Apostolos PECS Olympos Andreas CYX D2 Aphrodite Golgia, T. ACHR Arsos, 3 miles N Athienou Al-Radi 1983, 66 C2 Aphrodite Paphia, T. ACHR CYX PECS Chytroi C3 Aphrodite, T. AC Filani-Petaloudia Buchholtz 1996, 25-31 §Astarte,T. E3 Aphrodites Lophos HR at Cape Greko Strabo 14.6.3 C2 Apollo Agyates, T. ACH S Voni CYX Al-Radi 1983, 84 C2 Apollo Alasiotas, T. ACH? SE Politiko Masson 1964, 232-36 B3 Apollo Hylates, T. ACHR NW Kourion PECS Kourion D2 Apollo Mageirios, T. CH Pyla-Stavros / Palaikastro Al-Radi 1983, 91 B3 Apollo Melanthios, T. ACHR Amargetti-Petros Masson 1994 § Opaon Melanthios, T. Anthropos D2 Apollo, T. ACHR Athienou-Ag. Fotios PECS Tremithous; Al-Radi 1983, 72-73; § Aphrodite Golgia/ Solomidou-Ieronymidou 1985, 57, 62 Mychoia, T. C2 Apollo, T. ACH Potamia-Ellines CYX Karageorghis 1979 D3 Apollo, T. AC near Goshi Ohnefalsch-Richter 1893, 13 (no. 20) D2 Ardana AHRL CYX Hadjisavvas 1991, 75-79, 120 A2 Arsinoe HRL Polis tis Khrysokhou PECS; Childs 1988, 127-30; Cohen 1995, 134-36 A3 Arsinoe? HRL Geroskipou-Litharka / Cohen 1995, 136; Rupp 1997, 254-56 Vounimenos (fig. 8) D2 Arsinoe?/ HR/ CYX Strabo 14.6.3; StadMM 304; Ammochostos? RL? Iakovou 1993, 35-38; Cohen 1995, 136-37 D2 Artemis, T. AC Akhna? Al Radi 1983, 65-66; Caubet 1992 § Kybele, T. B3 Asprogia R?L? Fox 1987, 170 B3 Athena, T. C Kakopetria-Agelades Karageorghis 1977 C2 Baal-Hamman, T. A Meniko-Likarkes Karageorghis 1977a, 17-45 C2 Barbaros?/ CH Gialias RE Aoos 3; Hadjioannou 1978, 105-106 [Aoos]? fl. C3 Basileus? fl. Vasilikos RE Kypros, col. 68 Boosoura? Pr. = Phrourion? Pr. B2 Boukasa M. Petra-Phoukasa CYX Aristotle, frag. 266 C2 Chyt(h)roi ACHR Kythrea-Ag. Dimitrios PECS Chytroi § Ki-it-ru-si A CYX B1 Cilicius Aulon See Map 66 C2 Cyprus Ins. CYP / CYX NPauly Kypros D3 Dades? Pr. HR Cape Kiti RE ∆ᾷδες ἄκρα D2 Davlos RL CYX Hadjisavvas 1991, 22-28, 117-18 B3 Dreamer’s Bay RL Akrotiri Swiny 1982, 171; Leonard 1995, 234 (n. 20) A3 Drepanon Pr. HR Cape Drepanon Ptol. 5.13.1; NPauly 3 A3 Drepanon? HRL at Ag. Georgios on Cape Christou 1994, 689; Bakirtzis 1995, 251; §Hiera? Drepanon Rupp 1997, 254-56; NPauly 3 § Tegessos? A2 Drousha CHRL Akamas Pr.