Access to finance For forest and farm producer organisations (FFPOs) Duncan Macqueen, Niclas Benni, Marco Boscolo and Jhony Zapata With case study inputs from: Anu Adhikari, Juan Arce, Paulo DeLeon, Krishna Hengaju, Bernard Kamondo, Anne Mbora, Maria Murillo, Josphat Muthaka, Narendra Pradhan, Amit Poudyal, Prahlad Thapa and Racchya Shah Access to finance For forest and farm producer organisations (FFPOs) Duncan Macqueen, Niclas Benni, Marco Boscolo and Jhony Zapata With case study inputs from: Anu Adhikari, Juan Arce, Paulo DeLeon, Krishna Hengaju, Bernard Kamondo, Anne Mbora, Maria Murillo, Josphat Muthaka, Narendra Pradhan, Amit Poudyal, Prahlad Thapa and Racchya Shah Published by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Institute for Environment and Development www.iied.org | www.fao.org 1 ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR FOREST AND faRM PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS (FFPOS) Macqueen, D., Benni, N., Boscolo, M. and Zapata, J. (2018) Access to finance for forest and farm producer organisations (FFPOs). FAO, Rome and IIED, London. pp. 98. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or IIED in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO or IIED. 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Cover photo: Customers outside a M-Pesa mobile banking kiosk in Kiambu © Cenarema, Kenya International Institute for Environment and Development 80-86 Gray’s Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 3463 7399 Fax: +44 (0)20 3514 9055 www.iied.org @iied www.facebook.com/theIIED Download more publications at http://pubs.iied.org IIED is a charity registered in England, Charity No.800066 and in Scotland, OSCR Reg No.SC039864 and a company limited by guarantee registered in England No.2188452. 2 www.iied.org | www.fao.org CONTENTS Contents List of figures, tables and boxes 5 Acknowledgements 6 Summary 7 Acronyms and abbreviations 13 1 Introducing access to finance for FFPOs 15 1.1 The importance and role of FFPOs 15 1.2 The challenges for FFPO businesses 18 1.3 The finance gap 20 2 The reality of finance flows within FFPOs 25 2.1 Diversity of FFPO businesses 25 2.2 Financial structure of FFPO businesses and links/leakage with members’ finance 29 2.3 Structural issues within FFPOs that affect bankability 31 3 Demand-side steps for FFPOs to improve their access to finance 35 3.1 Developing saving and loan practices 36 3.2 Establishing a transparent accounting system 38 3.3 Planning around value chains 39 3.4 Preparing a business plan and investment proposal 41 3.5 Mapping and engaging potential investors 43 4 Supply-side steps for financial institutions to take FFPO opportunities 45 4.1 Helping to improve financial literacy 46 4.2 Improving financial relationships with FFPOs 51 4.3 Rethinking scales and terms of investment 53 5 Intermediaries – making the bridge between FFPOs, investors and policy makers 59 5.1 Making enabling investments to improve pipeline of bankable FFPO businesses 60 5.2 Connecting FFPO businesses to financial institutions 65 5.3 De-risking FFPO businesses 68 5.4 Helping to redesign financial rules and instruments or promote trade credit 74 www.iied.org | www.fao.org 3 ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR FOREST AND faRM PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS (FFPOS) 6 Conclusions – how the Forest and Farm Facility (and likeminded ODA) can improve FFPO access to six main sources of finance 77 6.1 FFF as a funding facility for FFPOs 78 6.2 Making the most of producer savings and reinvestment 81 6.3 Working to develop partnerships for trade-chain finance 81 6.4 Improving financial institutional confidence about FFPO business investments 82 6.5 Blending enabling investment from national public finance, international ODA and climate finance 83 References 85 4 www.iied.org | www.fao.org LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES List of figures, tables and boxes Figure 1. Representation of the finance gap or ‘missing middle’ in forest investment 21 Figure 2. Relationships between members and FFPO businesses’ production and cash flows 29 Figure 3. Example of an investment scorecard to guide FFPO businesses on the factors and rough weighting that will be considered during investment appraisal 51 Figure 4. The investment process that ideally involves a relationship between financial institutions and FFPO 52 Figure 5. FFF core, networking and prospective partner countries (as of July 2018) 78 Figure 6. What FFF does to improve access to finance and get money where it matters 80 Table 1. Different scenarios for locally controlled forests and the investment needs for the sustainability of resident FFPOs 17 Table 2. Typology of product and service sub-sectors that can form part of the portfolio of sustainable forest-related enterprises 26 Table 3. What investors look for in business plans (depth of blue indicates the degree to which investors weight this) 42 Table 4. Types of finance that an FFPO might wish to access 47 Box 1. Case study of innovations in Nepal to improve access to finance for women 55 Box 2. Case study of the Probosque government incentive programme, Guatemala 61 Box 3. Case study of digital banking innovations in Kenya that help FFPOs 66 Box 4. Case study of a Mexican guarantee scheme that helps FFPO access to finance 71 www.iied.org | www.fao.org 5 ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR FOREST AND faRM PRODUCER ORGANISATIONS (FFPOS) Acknowledgements The funding for this cross-sectoral literature review and documentation of best practices came from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through the Forest and Farm Facility (FFF). FFF is a partnership between FAO, IIED, IUCN, and AgriCord. Actual support in this transition grant between FFF Phase I and FFF Phase II came from the government of Sweden. The content of this report is the authors’ own and does not necessarily reflect the views of those donors. This report was drafted by the lead author, Duncan Macqueen, enhanced through additional co-authored inputs from Niclas Benni, Marco Boscolo and Jhony Zapata, and augmented by original case-study material. The authors are grateful to the various authors of the case studies (in alphabetical order): Anu Adhikari, Juan Arce, Paulo DeLeon, Krishna Hengaju, Bernard Kamondo, Anne Mbora, Maria Murillo, Josphat Muthaka, Narendra Pradhan, Amit Poudyal, Prahlad Thapa and Racchya Shah. In addition to co-authored inputs, the lead author would also like to thank Marek Soanes and Neha Rai from the Climate Change Group at IIED and Jeff Campbell, Manager of the Forest and Farm Facility for the peer-review process undertaken to improve this document in line with the IIED peer-review guidance for research reports.