Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists C. Beardsley, ICBM 11.01.2011 Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists History Leeuwenhoek and the „Little Animals“ by R. Thom, 1966, Museum of Art, University of Michigan Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists History Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1673) Animalcula Microbes were first observed using a simple microscope and reported as “animalcules” to the Royal Society of London. Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists History Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1676) Animalcula sampled habitats: water droplets, soil, sand grains, mucus, teeth scrapings, animal feces, plant seeds, parts of insects, pepper- & hay infusions … movements, sizes, abundances Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists History Martin Frobenius Ledermüller (1760/63) Infusoria (Aufgusstierchen, dessication resistant) Lorenz Oken (1805) Urthiere (unicellular) Georg August Goldfuss (1818) Protozoa Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists History John Hogg (1861) Protoctista (unicellular kingdom) Ernst Haeckel (1866) Protista Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists History Wikipedia.org http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Definition Mostly, but not exclusively, unicellular eukaryotic organisms. What are classification schemes based on? Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Classification by Morphology & Physiology Note: term classification is neutral and only means grouping by categories! Cell membrane: naked, carbonate, silicate, cellulose, chitin, proteins... Fotos: H. Cypionka Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Classification by Morphology & Physiology Movement: Pseudopodia, Flagella, Cilia, Sessile Fotos: H. Cypionka Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Classification by Morphology & Physiology Developmental stages: sexual and/or asexual reproduction Fotos: H. Cypionka Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Classification by Morphology & Physiology Trophic life style: phototrophic, organoheterotrophic heterotrophic: phagotrophic or osmotrophic phagotrophic: Filter feeding or Interception feeding Fotos: H. Cypionka Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Classification by Morphology & Physiology Trophic life style: phototrophic, organoheterotrophic or mixotrophic heterotrophic: phagotrophic or osmotrophic phagotrophic: Filter feeding or Interception feeding Fotos: H. Cypionka Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Summary: Classification schemes, and thus taxonomic definitions, were based on morphological and physiological similarities among organisms. Concept: These similarities (or lack thereof) were inherited and “modified” by random mutation & natural selection - thus reflect phylogeny. But within the heterogeneous group of protists no consistent classification arises from putting these phenotypical trades into some kind of serial order! Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Classification by Phylogeny: Tree of Life Based on SSU-rRNA Sequence Similarity http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Classification by Phylogeny: Phylogeny of Free-Living Aquatic Protists Based on 18S rRNA Sequence Similarity Prymnesiophytes (Haptophytes) Dinoflagellates Ciliates Fungi Choanoflagellates Chrysophytes Chlorophytes Diatoms Cryptomonads Bicosoecids Euglenoids Kinetoplastids length of branches depicts phylogenetic relationship Groups with Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates Sherr & Sherr 2000 Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Phylogeny Does Not Reflect Trophic Life Style Paraphysomonas foraminifera Paraphysomonas sp. Paraphysomonas foraminifera Paraphysomonas imperforata heterotrophic Paraphysomonas imperforata Metanophrys similis Paraphysomonas bandaiensis Paraphysomonas butcheri Tessellaria volvocina Mallomonas akrokomos Mallomonas annulata Mallomonas adamas Chrysophytes Mallomonas splendens Mallomonas striata Mallomonas striata Mallomonas papillosa Mallomonas rasilis Mallomonas caudata autotrophic Mallomonas matvienkoae Synura mammillosa Synura spinosa Synura sphagnicola Synura uvella Synura glabra Synura petersenii uncultured eukaryote, AY046836 uncultured eukaryote, AY046860 uncultured eukaryote, AY046844 uncultured eukaryote, AY046852 uncultured eukaryote, AY046864 Heterosigma akashiwo Heterosigma akashiwo Heterosigma carterae Chattonella subsalsa Vacuolaria virescens Pteridomonas danica Apedinella radians heterotrophic Pseudopedinella elastica Ciliophrys infusionum Rhizochromulina cf. marina autotrophic eukaryote clone OLI11025 Dictyocha speculum Hyphochytrium catenoides Developayella elegans Oomycete 0.1 Beardsley, unpub. Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Evolution From lecture of H. Arndt, Köln Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Excavata Chromalveolata Plantae Unikonta (= Archaeplastida) Discicristae Opisthokonta Hacrobia Rhizaria Holozoa Haptophyta Animals(Metazoa) Jacobozoa Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Cryptophyta Stramenopiles Alveolata Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Rhodophyta Glaucophyta Viridiplantae Nucleariidae Ichthyosporea Filasterea Parabasalida Choanoflagellates Preaxostyla Fornicata Malawimonadozoa Amoebozoa Mycobionta (Fungi) Mycobionta ? root ? ? root ? Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007 Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Excavata Chromalveolata Plantae Unikonta (= Archaeplastida) Discicristae Opisthokonta Hacrobia Rhizaria Holozoa Haptophyta Animals(Metazoa) Jacobozoa Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Cryptophyta Stramenopiles Alveolata Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Rhodophyta Glaucophyta Viridiplantae Nucleariidae Ichthyosporea Filasterea Parabasalida Choanoflagellates Preaxostyla Fornicata Malawimonadozoa Amoebozoa Mycobionta (Fungi) Mycobionta ? root ? ? root ? Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007 Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Parabasalida: Trichomonads: Fornicata: Diplomonads: Trichomonas vaginalis Giardia lamblia Nucleii dizoic: 2 nucleii, 2 cytostomes, hydrogenosomes 8 flagella, mitosomes - often described as deep branching group, probably not true anymore - anaerobic without mitochondria (secondary lost) - Trichomonas is frequent in human vaginal flora (3 - 60 % of women), usually not pathogenic - Giardia : causes diarrhea; builds cysts as resting stages Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Excavata Chromalveolata Plantae Unikonta (= Archaeplastida) Discicristae Opisthokonta Hacrobia Rhizaria Holozoa Haptophyta Animals(Metazoa) Jacobozoa Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Cryptophyta Stramenopiles Alveolata Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Rhodophyta Glaucophyta Viridiplantae Nucleariidae Ichthyosporea Filasterea Parabasalida Choanoflagellates Preaxostyla Fornicata Malawimonadozoa Amoebozoa Mycobionta (Fungi) Mycobionta ? root ? ? root ? Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007 Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Malawimonadozoa: Jacobozoa: Malawimonas jacobiformis Jacoba sp. Patterson et al. 2001 - approx. 5 um in size - approx. 10 um in size - only 1 genus, freshwater & soil - 4 genera, also marine - free-swimming heterotrophic flagellates - both groups completely unknown before 1990, but of significant interest because of their key position regarding the evolution and phylogeny of Excavata Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Excavata Chromalveolata Plantae Unikonta (= Archaeplastida) Discicristae Opisthokonta Hacrobia Rhizaria Holozoa Haptophyta Animals(Metazoa) Jacobozoa Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Cryptophyta Stramenopiles Alveolata Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Rhodophyta Glaucophyta Viridiplantae Nucleariidae Ichthyosporea Filasterea Parabasalida Choanoflagellates Preaxostyla Fornicata Malawimonadozoa Amoebozoa Mycobionta (Fungi) Mycobionta ? root ? ? root ? Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007 Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Heterolobosae (Myxobionta) • Do not confuse with Myxobakteria ! • Myxomycota: True Slime Molds (Plasmodium, acellular) Physarum sp. • Acrasiomycota: Cellular Slime Molds (Pseudoplasmodium) Dictyostelium aggregation of cells = pseudoplasmodium production of fruiting boddies Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Excavata Chromalveolata Plantae Unikonta (= Archaeplastida) Discicristae Opisthokonta Hacrobia Rhizaria Holozoa Haptophyta Animals(Metazoa) Jacobozoa Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Cryptophyta Stramenopiles Alveolata Radiolaria Foraminifera Cercozoa Rhodophyta Glaucophyta Viridiplantae Nucleariidae Ichthyosporea Filasterea Parabasalida Choanoflagellates Preaxostyla Fornicata Malawimonadozoa Amoebozoa Mycobionta (Fungi) Mycobionta ? root ? ? root ? Synthesis of trees by Adl et al. 2005, Keeling et al. 2005, Rodriguez-Ezpelata et al. 2007 Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Euglenozoa: Euglenids Euglena Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Euglena Throphic life style: most heterotrophic, but also phototrophic or mixotrophic Chlorophyll a fluoresces Euglenids grazing under UV-light on bacteria Images: www.mikrobiologischer-garten.de Eukaryotes and viruses: Introduction to Protists Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastida Bodo, Rhynchomonas Trypanosoma Throphic life style : Free living heterotrophic parasitic Lee & Patterson 2000 important bacteriovores cause sleeping sickness Eukaryotes