GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 342 HESUI/TS OF SPIRIT LEVELING IN CALIFORNIA 1896 TO 1907, INCLUSIVE FIELD WORK BY C. H. SEMPER, L. F. BIGGS, W. V. HARDY, L. D. RYUS, AND OTHERS S. S. GANNETT, D. H. BALDWIN, AND L. C. FLETCHER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1908 , CONTENTS. ^ Page. INTRODUCTION__________________________'________ 5 PRECISE LEVELING _ __ ___ ________________'.______ 7 Barstow, Kraniei1, Mohave, and Palmdale quadrangles (Kern and San Bernardino counties)__________________________ 7 Ballarat, Bishop, Lida, Mohave, Mount Whitney, Pilot Peak, and Olanclia quadrangles (Kern and Inyo counties)___________ 9 Bakersfield Special, Carquinez, Davisville, Fairoaks, Fernando, Santa Busana, Tujuuga, Vacaville, and Woodland 15' quadrangles; Bakersfield, Caliente, Famoso, Fresuo, Hauford, Lodi, Los Bauos, Madera, Merced, Mohave, Napa, Oakdale, Palmdale, Sacramento, Stockton, and A'isalia 30' quadrangles (Fresno, Kern, Kings, Los Yngeles, Madera, Merced, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano, Stan­ islaus, Tnlare, and Yolo counties)______.,____________ 12 Chico, Davisville, Knights Landing, Marysville, Red Bluff, Redding, Shasta, Teharna, Viua, and Woodland quadrangles (Butte, Placer, Shasta, Siskiyou, Slitter, Tehama, Yolo, and Yuba counties) 22 PRIMARY LEVELING _____- __________________________ _ _ 29 Elsiuore, Flowing' Well, Indio Special, Redlauds, Salton, San Ber­ nardino, San Jaciuto, and Yuma quadrangles (Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties)_________________ 29 Blaisdell, Camp Mohave, Ehreuberg Special, Needles Special, Parker, Picacho, and Yuma quadrangles (Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties)____________________________ 32 Holtyille, Imperial, and Salton quadrangles (San Diego County)__ 37 Campo, Cuyamaca, Jamul, La Jolla,.and San Diego quadrangles (San Diego County)_______________________________. ; 40 Capistrano, Clark Lake, Corona, Elsinore, Escondido, Indio Special," Oceanside, Ramona, Riverside, Salton, San Jacinto, and San Luis Key quadrangles (Orange, Riverside, and San Diego counties)__ 47 Cucamonga, Deep Creek, Hesperia, Pomona, Rock Creek, San Antonio, San Bernardiuo, and Victor 15' quadrangles; San Gorgonio 30' quadrangle (Los Angeles and San Beruardino counties)______ 62 Calabasas, Downey, Fernando, Goleta Special, Hneneme, Pasadena, Redondo, San Pedro, Santa Barbara Special, Santa Monica, Santa Paula, Santa Susaua, Tujunga, and Ventura 15' quadrangles; Camulos, Guadalnpe, Lompoc, Mount Pinos, Palmdale, Santa Ynez, and Tej'on 30' quadrangles (Kern, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventnra counties)________________ 68 Ballarat, Furnace Creek, and Pilot Peak 1° quadrangles (which include various 3.0' quadrangles not mentioned) ; Barstow 30' quadrangle; and Raudsburg 15' quadrangle (Inyo, Kern, and San Bernardiuo counties) ____________________________ 86 Keruville and Olancha quadrangles (Inyo, Kern, and Tulare coun­ ties) ________,_____________'. ,________________ 95 Bishop, Long Valley, Mount .Goddard, and Mount Whitney quad­ rangles (Inyo, Mono, and Tulare counties)_____________ 98 3 4 CONTENTS. PRIMARY LEVELING Continued. , - - Page. Bakersfield, Caliente, Famoso, and Greenhorn 30' quadrangles; Ba.kersfield Special and Oil Center Special quadrangles (Kern and Tulare counties) ___ _ __ _ _ 101 Kaweah and Visalia quadrangles (Tulare County)__________ 104 Coalinga and Hanford quadrangles (Fresno and Kings counties) __ 108 Dunlap, Fresno, Kaiser, and Tehipite quadrangles (Fresuo, Madera and Tulare counties) ___________________________ 109 Los Banos, Merced, Sonora, and Yosernite quadrangles (Mariposa and Merced counties) _______________ _____________ 114 Bridgeport and Mount Lyell quadrangles (Mono and Tuolumne coun­ ties) _______ __ ___________ _________________ 117 Big Trees, Dardanelles, Jackson, Oakdale, Sonora, and Stocktou quad­ rangles (Calaveras, Mono, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Tuolumne counties) ______ _ _ _ _ _____ 120 Byron, Concord, Mount Diablo, New Almadeu, Palo Alto, Pleasantou, San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Stockton, and Tesla quad­ rangles (Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz counties)____________________ 123 Carquinez, Geyserville, Guerneville, Napa5 Santa Rosa, and Tanial- pais quadrangles (Marin, Napa, Solano, and Sonoma counties) __ 128 Antioch, Courtland, Rio Vista, and Vacaville quadrangles (Contra Costa, Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Solano counties______ 137 Ca-pay, Davisville, Dunnigan, Fairoaks, Knights Landing, Pope A7al- ley, Rumsey, and Woodland quadrangles (Colusa, Napa, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, and Yolo counties) _________________ 141 Colusa, Fruto 30', Grimes, Maxwell, Sites 30', Tehama, Vina, and Willows quadrangles (Colusa, Glenn, and Tehama counties)___ 147 Iron Mountain Specialand Redding quadrangles (Shasta County)_ 154 Big Bar, Eureka, Hoopa, Korbel, and Weaverville quadrangles (Hum- boldt, Shasta, and Trinity counties)___________________ 157 INDEX___:________________________________________ 163 RESULTS OF SPIRIT LEVELING IN CALIFORNIA FOR THE YEARS 1896 TO 1907, INCLUSIVE. INTRODUCTION. / All results of spirit leveling in California for the years 1896 to May, 1907, including that previously reported upon in Appendixes to Reports of the Director of the United States Geological Survey and in Bulletin No. 185 are herein given, readjusted and rearranged by quadrangles. Descriptions and elevations of bench marks are given for 42 counties, furnishing vertical control for one-third of the State. The leveling since 1903 in the Sacramento Valley, in Colusa, Contra Costa, Glenn, Sacramento, Solano, San Joaquin, Tehama, and Yolo counties, was done in cooperation with the State. The field work was done under the direction of Mr. R. U. Goode, geographer, 1896 to June, 1903, and under Mr. E. M. Douglas, geogra­ pher, since that date. The work of 1904 to 1907, inclusive, was mostly done under the immediate supervision of Mr. R. B. Marshall, geogra­ pher, chief of section. Credit is given in the heading of each list to the various topographers and levelmen directly in charge. The office work of adjustment was done principally by Messrs. L. C. Fletcher and D. H. Baldwin, topographers, under the supervision of Mr. S. S. Gannett, geographer in charge of the triangulation and computing section. The lists are separated into two classes, precise and primary, dis­ tinguishing the degree of refinement in the method of leveling em­ ployed. The elevations under precise leveling were determined by lines run either in both forward and backward directions or by simul­ taneous double-rodded lines, a high-grade level and rated rods being used and special precautions being taken in observation and reduc­ tion to correct error and make the results continuously good; eleva­ tions under primary leveling were determined mostly by single lines 5 6 SPIRIT LEVELING IN CALIFORNIA, 1896 TO 1907. run with prism or with Y Jbvel in circuits required to close within a limiting error represented in feet by the formula 0.05 VD in which D is the length of circuit in miles. The lines of precise leveling in this State have been run under different restrictions, and are therefore of slightly different grades of accuracy. The lines Barstow to Mohave and Mohave to Laws and Oasis were run under the same method as now used by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey except that on the former yard rods instead of metric rods were used and the computation was made in feet from three thread readings, and on the latter a different type of instrument was used and the limit of error and lengths of sections were greater. The limits on these lines are expressed respectively by 0.017 VD (equivalent to United States Coast and Geodetic Survey limit) and 0.03 ~\/D in which D is dis­ tance between bench marks in miles. The lines from Beriicia to Pacoima and to the Oregon line were run as simultaneous double- rodded lines with rod correction made for normal temperature and the partial divergence required to keep within a limit in feet repre­ sented by the formula 0.03 V2D or 0.04 ^/D in which D is distance between bench marks in miles. The various groups of level lines are all based upon mean sea level, but between certain lists there are outstanding errors of closure which can not be adjusted satisfactorily until more field work is done. The bench marks described in the following lists are of three gen­ eral forms. First, a circular bronze or aluminum tablet 3^ inches in diameter and one-fourth inch thick, appropriately lettered, having a 3-inch stem cemented into a drill hole, generally in the vertical walls of public buildings, bridge abutments, or other substantial masonry structures. The second form, employed where masonry or rock is not accessible, consists of a hollow wrought-iron post 3| inches in outer diameter, 4 feet long after being split and expanded at bottom to 10 inches, so as to prevent both the easy subsidence of the post and its being maliciously pulled out of the ground. The iron is heavily coated with asphalt, and over the top of the post is riveted a bronze tablet similar to that described above. The third form (used in 1896 and 1897) was a copper bolt 4 inches long and 1 inch in diameter fastened into masonry or solid rock by driving it on a brass wedge in' the bottom of a vertical hole, so that the top of the bolt was horizon­ tal and thus formed a bench mark. Numbers stamped upon the bench marks described in the following lists represent the elevations, to the nearest foot above mean sea level, as determined