Main groups Main groups a 1A 8A 1 18 1 2 H 1 2A Metals Metalloids Nonmetals 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A He 1.008 2 13 14 15 16 17 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.94 9.012 Transition metals 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3 4567 8 9 10 11 12 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.95 [98] 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 [208.98] [209.99] [222.02] 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 7 Fr RaAc Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og [223.02] [226.03] [227.03] [261.11] [262.11] [266.12] [264.12] [269.13] [268.14] [271] [272] [285] [284] [289] [289] [292] [294] [294] 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140.12 140.91 144.24 [145] 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232.04 231.04 238.03 [237.05] [244.06] [243.06] [247.07] [247.07] [251.08] [252.08] [257.10] [258.10] [259.10] [262.11] a The labels on top (1A, 2A, etc.) are common American usage. The labels below these (1, 2, etc.) are those recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Atomic masses in brackets are the masses of the longest-lived or most important isotope of radioactive elements. List of Elements with Their Symbols and Atomic Masses Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Element Symbol Number Mass Element Symbol Number Mass Actinium Ac 89 227.03a Mendelevium Md 101 258.10a Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Mercury Hg 80 200.59 Americium Am 95 243.06a Molybdenum Mo 42 95.95 Antimony Sb 51 121.76 Moscovium Mc 115 289a Argon Ar 18 39.95 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 Arsenic As 33 74.92 Neon Ne 10 20.18 Astatine At 85 209.99a Neptunium Np 93 237.05a Barium Ba 56 137.33 Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Berkelium Bk 97 247.07a Nihonium Nh 113 284a Beryllium Be 4 9.012 Niobium Nb 41 92.91 Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Nitrogen N 7 14.01 Bohrium Bh 107 264.12a Nobelium No 102 259.10a Boron B 5 10.81 Oganesson Og 118 294a Bromine Br 35 79.90 Osmium Os 76 190.23 Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 Oxygen O 8 16.00 Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Palladium Pd 46 106.42 Californium Cf 98 251.08a Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Carbon C 6 12.01 Platinum Pt 78 195.08 Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Plutonium Pu 94 244.06a Cesium Cs 55 132.91 Polonium Po 84 208.98a Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Potassium K 19 39.10 Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91 Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Promethium Pm 61 145a Copernicium Cn 112 285a Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 Copper Cu 29 63.55 Radium Ra 88 226.03a Curium Cm 96 247.07a Radon Rn 86 222.02a Darmstadtium Ds 110 271a Rhenium Re 75 186.21 Dubnium Db 105 262.11a Rhodium Rh 45 102.91 Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Roentgenium Rg 111 272a Einsteinium Es 99 252.08a Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 Erbium Er 68 167.26 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 Europium Eu 63 151.96 Rutherfordium Rf 104 261.11a Fermium Fm 100 257.10a Samarium Sm 62 150.36 Flerovium Fl 114 289a Scandium Sc 21 44.96 Fluorine F 9 19.00 Seaborgium Sg 106 266.12a Francium Fr 87 223.02a Selenium Se 34 78.97 Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Silicon Si 14 28.09 Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Silver Ag 47 107.87 Germanium Ge 32 72.63 Sodium Na 11 22.99 Gold Au 79 196.97 Strontium Sr 38 87.62 Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Sulfur S 16 32.06 Hassium Hs 108 269.13a Tantalum Ta 73 180.95 Helium He 2 4.003 Technetium Tc 43 98a Holmium Ho 67 164.93 Tellurium Te 52 127.60 Hydrogen H 1 1.008 Tennessine Ts 117 294a Indium In 49 114.82 Terbium Tb 65 158.93 Iodine I 53 126.90 Thallium Tl 81 204.38 Iridium Ir 77 192.22 Thorium Th 90 232.04 Iron Fe 26 55.85 Thulium Tm 69 168.93 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Tin Sn 50 118.71 Lanthanum La 57 138.91 Titanium Ti 22 47.87 Lawrencium Lr 103 262.11a Tungsten W 74 183.84 Lead Pb 82 207.2 Uranium U 92 238.03 Lithium Li 3 6.94 Vanadium V 23 50.94 Livermorium Lv 116 292a Xenon Xe 54 131.293 Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.05 Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Yttrium Y 39 88.91 Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Zinc Zn 30 65.38 Meitnerium Mt 109 268.14a Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 aMass of longest-lived or most important isotope. CHEMISTRY STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES Second Edition Nivaldo J. 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MasteringChemistry™ and Learning Catalytics™ are trademarks, in the United States and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Tro, Nivaldo J. Title: Chemistry : structure and properties / Nivaldo J. Tro. Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Pearson, [2018] | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016043206 | ISBN 9780134293936 Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry—Textbooks. Classification: LCC QD33.2.T7595 2018 | DDC 540—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043206 Student Edition: ISBN 10: 0-134-29393-2; ISBN 13: 978-0-134-29393-6 Books A La Carte Edition: ISBN 10: 0-134-52822-0; ISBN 13: 978-0-134-52822-9 1 16 www.pearsonhighered.com About the Author ivaldo Tro is a professor of chemistry at Westmont College in Santa Barbara, California, where he has been Na faculty member since 1990.