TAXON: Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk (Willd.) A. Berger Taxon: Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) A. Berger Family: Cactaceae Common Name(s): Brazilian prickly pear Synonym(s): Cactus brasiliensis Willd. Opuntia argentina Griseb. Opuntia brasiliensis (Willd.) Haw. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 17 May 2016 WRA Score: 7.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Cactus, Naturalized, Spiny, Shade-Tolerant, Zoochorous Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 y 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 17 May 2016 (Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis Page 1 of 15 (Willd.) A. Berger) TAXON: Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk (Willd.) A. Berger Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 17 May 2016 (Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis Page 2 of 15 (Willd.) A. Berger) TAXON: Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk (Willd.) A. Berger Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "This widespread southern Neotropical cactus is found in western Paraíba, eastern and central- Taylor, N.P., Machado, M., Zappi, D., Braun, P., Oakley, L., southern Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, northwestern, northern Pin, A. & Ostalaza, C. 2013. Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis. The and eastern Bahia, northeastern and central-southern Minas Gerais IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: and Espírito Santo (Brazil); in semi-humid forests of extra-Amazonian e.T46517A3007220. Brazil; in the Atlantic drainage eastwards of the Andes (Peru - only in http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- Cuzco -, Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay). It has become 1.RLTS.T46517A3007220.en. [Accessed 16 May 2016] naturalized in some areas where it has been introduced, such as in Florida (USA). It occurs at elevations of 0 to 1,000 m asl." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2016. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "This widespread southern Neotropical cactus is found in western Taylor, N.P., Machado, M., Zappi, D., Braun, P., Oakley, L., Paraíba, eastern and central southern Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Pin, A. & Ostalaza, C. 2013. Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis. The northwestern, northern and eastern Bahia, northeastern and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: central-southern Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo (Brazil); in semi- e.T46517A3007220. humid forests of extra Amazonian Brazil; in the Atlantic drainage http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- eastwards of the Andes (Peru - only in Cuzco -, Bolivia, northern 1.RLTS.T46517A3007220.en. [Accessed 16 May 2016] Argentina, Paraguay)." 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Taylor, N.P., Machado, M., Zappi, D., Braun, P., Oakley, L., Pin, A. & Ostalaza, C. 2013. Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T46517A3007220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 1.RLTS.T46517A3007220.en. [Accessed 16 May 2016] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Creation Date: 17 May 2016 (Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis Page 3 of 15 (Willd.) A. Berger) TAXON: Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk (Willd.) A. Berger Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes "Hardiness: It is not very frost resistant cactus, hardy to -2° C or less if very dry. However in cultivation it is better not to expose it to LLIFLE. 2016. Opuntia brasiliensis. temperatures lower than 10° C, even if in an aerated and protected http://www.llifle.com/Encyclopedia/CACTI/Family/Cactac location, in order to avoid the formation of anti-aesthetic spots on eae/6152/Opuntia_brasiliensis. [Accessed 16 May 2016] the epidermis. In presence of high atmospheric humidity avoid any frost as it is particularly sensitive to root rot. It can handle extremely high temperatures in summer." Taylor, N.P., Machado, M., Zappi, D., Braun, P., Oakley, L., Pin, A. & Ostalaza, C. 2013. Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: "It occurs at elevations of 0 to 1,000 m asl" e.T46517A3007220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 1.RLTS.T46517A3007220.en. [Accessed 16 May 2016] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Native: Southern America USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network, Brazil: Brazil - Alagoas, - Bahia, - Espirito Santo, - Minas Gerais, - 2016. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Paraiba, - Pernambuco, - Rio de Janeiro, - Sergipe Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Southern South America: Argentina - Salta; Paraguay [Accessed 16 May 2016] Western South America: Bolivia; Peru - Ayacucho, - Cuzco, - San Martin" "This widespread southern Neotropical cactus is found in western Paraíba, eastern and central southern Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Taylor, N.P., Machado, M., Zappi, D., Braun, P., Oakley, L., northwestern, northern and eastern Bahia, northeastern and Pin, A. & Ostalaza, C. 2013. Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis. The central-southern Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo (Brazil); in semi- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: humid forests of extra-Amazonian Brazil; in the Atlantic drainage e.T46517A3007220. eastwards of the Andes (Peru - only in Cuzco -, Bolivia, northern http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- Argentina, Paraguay). It has become naturalized in some areas 1.RLTS.T46517A3007220.en. [Accessed 16 May 2016] where it has been introduced, such as in Florida (USA). It occurs at elevations of 0 to 1,000 m asl." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Liogier, A.H. & Martorell, L.F. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second "Planted and naturalized in Puerto Rico" Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico Creation Date: 17 May 2016 (Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis Page 4 of 15 (Willd.) A. Berger) TAXON: Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk (Willd.) A. Berger Qsn # Question Answer "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Chandler Heights, Arizona Phoenix, Arizona Tucson, Arizona Dave's Garden. 2016. Prickly Pear Cactus, Brazilian Prickly Carlsbad, California Pear - Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis. Brooksville, Florida http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/63972/. [Accessed Palm Coast, Florida 16 May 2016] Mars Hill, North Carolina Andrews, Texas Brady, Texas Mcallen, Texas San Antonio, Texas" 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Guézou, A., Trueman, M., Buddenhagen, C. E., Chamorro, S., Guerrero, A. M., Pozo, P., & Atkinson, R. (2010). An "Cu) Cultivated (introduced for cultivation, not naturalized" extensive alien plant inventory from the inhabited areas of Galapagos. PLoS One, 5(4), e10276 Taylor, N.P., Machado, M., Zappi, D., Braun, P., Oakley, L., Pin, A.