GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS Grammar and Language Workbook GRADE 8 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240-4027 ISBN 0-07-820541-7 Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 066 03 02 01 00 Contents Handbook of Definitions and Rules .........................1 Unit 5 Adjectives and Adverbs Troubleshooter ........................................................23 5.31 Adjectives ..................................................121 5.32 Articles and Proper Adjectives.................123 Part 1 Grammar ......................................................45 5.33 Comparative and Unit 1 Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences Superlative Adjectives ..............................125 1.1 Kinds of Sentences: Declarative and 5.34 Demonstratives..........................................127 Interrogative ................................................47 5.35 Adverbs......................................................129 1.2 Kinds of Sentences: Exclamatory and 5.36 Comparative and Superlative Adverbs ....131 Imperative....................................................49 5.37 Using Adverbs and Adjectives .................133 1.3 Sentence Fragments ....................................51 5.38 Avoiding Double Negatives ......................135 1.4 Subjects and Predicates: Simple and Unit 5 Review ........................................................137 Complete......................................................53 Cumulative Review: Units 1-5 ..............................138 1.5 Subjects and Predicates: Compound ..........55 1.6 Simple and Compound Sentences .............57 Unit 6 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections Unit 1 Review ..........................................................59 6.39 Prepositions and Prepositional Cumulative Review .................................................60 Phrases.......................................................141 6.40 Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions ........143 Unit 2 Nouns 6.41 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives 2.7 Nouns: Proper and Common ......................61 and Adverbs ..............................................145 2.8 Nouns: Concrete and Abstract ...................63 6.42 Conjunctions: Coordinating and 2.9 Nouns: Compounds, Plurals, Correlative .................................................147 and Possessives ...........................................65 6.43 Conjunctive Adverbs and Interjections....149 2.10 Nouns: Collective ........................................67 Unit 6 Review ........................................................151 2.11 Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and Cumulative Review: Units 1-6 ..............................152 Contractions ................................................69 2.12 Appositives..................................................71 Unit 7 Clauses and Complex Sentences Unit 2 Review ..........................................................73 7.44 Sentences and Main Clauses ...................155 Cumulative Review: Units 1-2 ................................74 7.45 Complex Sentences and Subordinate Clauses..................................157 Unit 3 Verbs 7.46 Adjective Clauses ......................................159 3.13 Action Verbs................................................75 7.47 Essential and Nonessential Clauses .........161 3.14 Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive ..............77 7.48 Adverb Clauses..........................................163 3.15 Verbs with Indirect Objects ........................79 7.49 Noun Clauses.............................................165 3.16 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words ..........81 Unit 7 Review ........................................................167 3.17 Present and Past Tenses..............................85 Cumulative Review: Units 1-7 ..............................168 3.18 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs...................89 3.19 Verb Forms: Present Progressive Unit 8 Verbals and Past Progressive....................................91 8.50 Participles and Participial Phrases...........171 3.20 Perfect Tenses: Present and Past ................93 8.51 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases ...................175 3.21 Expressing Future Time..............................95 8.52 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases .............179 3.22 Active and Passive Voices ..........................97 Unit 8 Review ........................................................183 3.23 Irregular Verbs I...........................................99 Cumulative Review: Units 1-8 ..............................184 3.24 Irregular Verbs II .......................................101 Unit 3 Review ........................................................105 Unit 9 Subject-Verb Agreement Cumulative Review: Units 1-3 ..............................106 9.53 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree ............187 9.54 Locating the Subject..................................189 Unit 4 Pronouns 9.55 Collective Nouns and Other 4.25 Pronouns: Personal ...................................107 Special Subjects ........................................191 Copyright © by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 4.26 Pronouns and Antecedents.......................109 9.56 Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects ...............193 4.27 Using Pronouns Correctly.........................111 9.57 Agreement with Compound Subjects.......195 4.28 Pronouns: Possessive and Indefinite........113 Unit 9 Review ........................................................197 4.29 Pronouns: Reflexive and Intensive...........115 Cumulative Review: Units 1-9 ..............................198 4.30 Pronouns: Interrogative and Demonstrative ...........................................117 Unit 10 Diagraming Sentences Unit 4 Review ........................................................119 10.58 Diagraming Simple Subjects Cumulative Review: Units 1-4 ..............................120 and Predicates ...........................................201 Table of Contents iii 10.59 Diagraming Direct and Indirect Part 4 Vocabulary and Spelling ...........................281 Objects and Predicate Words....................203 Unit 14 Vocabulary and Spelling 10.60 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs ........205 14.88 Building Vocabulary: Learning 10.61 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases............207 from Context..............................................283 10.62 Diagraming Compound Sentence Parts....209 14.89 Building Vocabulary: Word Roots............285 10.63 Diagraming Compound Sentences ..........211 14.90 Building Vocabulary: Prefixes 10.64 Diagraming Complex Sentences with and Suffixes...............................................287 Adjective or Adverb Clauses ....................213 14.91 Building Vocabulary: Synonyms and 10.65 Diagraming Noun Clauses.........................215 Antonyms ..................................................289 10.66 Diagraming Verbals ...................................217 14.92 Building Vocabulary: Homographs and 10.67 Diagraming Infinitives ..............................219 Homophones .............................................291 Unit 10 Review ......................................................221 14.93 Basic Spelling Rules I ..............................293 Cumulative Review: Units 1-10 ............................222 14.94 Basic Spelling Rules II ..............................295 Review: Building Vocabulary ..............................297 Part 2 Usage Glossary ...........................................225 Review: Basic Spelling Rules ...............................299 Unit 11 Usage Glossary 11.68 Usage: accept to a lot ................................227 Part 5 Composition................................................301 11.69 Usage: beside to less..................................229 Unit 15 Composition 11.70 Usage: formally to teach ...........................231 15.95 The Writing Process: Prewriting...............303 11.71 Usage: leave to sit......................................233 15.96 The Writing Process: Drafting...................307 11.72 Usage: than to you’re.................................235 15.97 The Writing Process: Revising..................311 Unit 11 Review ......................................................237 15.98 The Writing Process: Editing ....................315 Cumulative Review: Units 1-11 ............................238 15.99 The Writing Process: Presenting...............319 15.100 The Writing Process: Outlining ................321 Part 3 Mechanics...................................................241 15.101 Writing Effective Sentences......................323 Unit 12 Capitalization 15.102 Building Paragraphs..................................327 12.73 Capitalization of Sentences, 15.103 Paragraph Ordering ...................................331 Quotations, and Salutations .....................243 15.104 Personal Letters: Formal ...........................335 12.74 Capitalization of Names and 15.105 Personal Letters: Informal.........................337 Titles of Persons ........................................245 15.106 Business Letters: Letters of 12.75 Capitalization of Names of Places ............247 Request or of Complaint ...........................339 12.76 Capitalization of Other Proper Nouns 15.107 Business Letters: