NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(AVT-225)TP/803 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-AVT-225 Military User’s Guide for the Certification of Aviation Platforms on Synthetic Jet Fuels (Guide d’utilisation militaire pour la certification des plateformes d’aviation alimentées par des carburéacteurs de synthèse) Final Report of the AVT Task Group 225. This document should be announced and supplied only to NATO, Government Agencies of NATO Nations and their bona fide contractors, and to other recipients approved by the STO National Coordinators. Ce document ne doit être notifié et distribué qu’à l’OTAN, qu’aux instances gouvernementales des pays membres de l’OTAN, ainsi qu’à leurs contractants dûment habilités et qu’aux autres demandeurs agréés par les Coordonnateurs Nationaux de la STO. Published July 2018 Official NATO UNCLASSIFIED No Public Information RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL Release NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION AC/323(AVT-225)TP/803 www.sto.nato.int STO TECHNICAL REPORT TR-AVT-225 Military User’s Guide for the Certification of Aviation Platforms on Synthetic Jet Fuels (Guide d’utilisation militaire pour la certification des plateformes d’aviation alimentées par des carburéacteurs de synthèse) Final Report of the AVT Task Group 225. This document should be announced and supplied only to NATO, Government Agencies of NATO Nations and their bona fide contractors, and to other recipients approved by the STO National Coordinators. Ce document ne doit être notifié et distribué qu’à l’OTAN, qu’aux instances gouvernementales des pays membres de l’OTAN, ainsi qu’à leurs contractants dûment habilités et qu’aux autres demandeurs agréés par les Coordonnateurs Nationaux de la STO. Official NATO UNCLASSIFIED No Public Information RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL Release NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL The NATO Science and Technology Organization Science & Technology (S&T) in the NATO context is defined as the selective and rigorous generation and application of state-of-the-art, validated knowledge for defence and security purposes. S&T activities embrace scientific research, technology development, transition, application and field-testing, experimentation and a range of related scientific activities that include systems engineering, operational research and analysis, synthesis, integration and validation of knowledge derived through the scientific method. In NATO, S&T is addressed using different business models, namely a collaborative business model where NATO provides a forum where NATO Nations and partner Nations elect to use their national resources to define, conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange, and secondly an in-house delivery business model where S&T activities are conducted in a NATO dedicated executive body, having its own personnel, capabilities and infrastructure. The mission of the NATO Science & Technology Organization (STO) is to help position the Nations’ and NATO’s S&T investments as a strategic enabler of the knowledge and technology advantage for the defence and security posture of NATO Nations and partner Nations, by conducting and promoting S&T activities that augment and leverage the capabilities and programmes of the Alliance, of the NATO Nations and the partner Nations, in support of NATO’s objectives, and contributing to NATO’s ability to enable and influence security and defence related capability development and threat mitigation in NATO Nations and partner Nations, in accordance with NATO policies. The total spectrum of this collaborative effort is addressed by six Technical Panels who manage a wide range of scientific research activities, a Group specialising in modelling and simulation, plus a Committee dedicated to supporting the information management needs of the organization. • AVT Applied Vehicle Technology Panel • HFM Human Factors and Medicine Panel • IST Information Systems Technology Panel • NMSG NATO Modelling and Simulation Group • SAS System Analysis and Studies Panel • SCI Systems Concepts and Integration Panel • SET Sensors and Electronics Technology Panel These Panels and Group are the power-house of the collaborative model and are made up of national representatives as well as recognised world-class scientists, engineers and information specialists. In addition to providing critical technical oversight, they also provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. The scientific and technological work is carried out by Technical Teams, created under one or more of these eight bodies, for specific research activities which have a defined duration. These research activities can take a variety of forms, including Task Groups, Workshops, Symposia, Specialists’ Meetings, Lecture Series and Technical Courses. The content of this publication has been reproduced directly from material supplied by STO or the authors. Published July 2018 Copyright © STO/NATO 2018 All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-92-837-2131-4 Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only by those organisations or individuals in NATO Nations defined by the limitation notice printed on the front cover. The approval of the STO Information Management Systems Branch is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address on the back cover. ii STO-TR-AVT-225 NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL Table of Contents Page List of Figures v List of Tables vi List of Acronyms vii AVT-225 Membership List ix Executive Summary and Synthèse ES-1 Chapter 1 − Introduction and Motivation 1-1 1.1 Research Task Group AVT-225 1-1 1.1.1 Background 1-1 1.1.2 Mandate and Progress 1-2 1.1.3 Present Focus and Objective 1-2 1.2 Motivation for Certification of Platforms for Synthetic Fuels 1-3 1.3 Current Market Readiness Levels for Synthetic Fuels 1-6 1.4 Impact of Military’s Lagging Adoption of Synthetic Fuels 1-10 1.5 Organization of Report 1-11 Chapter 2 − Jet Fuel 101 2-1 2.1 Composition and Properties of Fossil-Based Kerosene 2-1 2.1.1 Composition of Kerosene 2-1 2.1.2 Properties of Aviation Kerosene 2-3 2.1.3 How is it Refined? 2-5 2.2 Composition and Properties of Drop-In Synthetic Kerosene 2-5 2.3 Not All Biofuels are Suitable as Jet Fuels 2-6 2.4 What are Jet Fuel Specifications? 2-7 2.4.1 Civil Specifications for Aviation Fuels 2-7 2.4.2 Military Specifications for Aviation Fuels 2-8 Chapter 3 − Jet Fuel Approval Processes 3-1 3.1 Overview of the Civil Fuel Approval Process for Alternative Jet Fuels 3-1 3.1.1 Context 3-1 3.1.2 Terms of Use of Jet Fuels on Civil Aircraft 3-1 3.1.3 Approval of Fuel from Alternative Pathways 3-2 3.1.4 Description of Steps of the General Procedure for Certification 3-3 of Jet Fuel 3.1.5 Current Developments on Alternative Fuels 3-4 3.2 Overview of the Military Fuel Approval Process for Alternative Jet Fuels 3-6 STO-TR-AVT-225 iii NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL Chapter 4 − Linkages Between Civil and Military Specifications 4-1 4.1 References to Synthetic Components in Fuel Specifications 4-1 4.1.1 ASTM D1655-16c (2016) 4-1 4.1.2 MIL-DTL-83133J (2015) JP-8 (F-34) and F-35 4-2 4.1.3 MIL-DTL-5624W (2016) – JP-5 (F-44) 4-2 4.1.4 CGSB-3.24-2016 4-3 4.1.5 Def Stan 91-091-Iss 9 (2016) 4-3 4.1.6 Def Stan 91-87-Iss 6 (2009) 4-4 4.1.7 DCSEA 134 Ed D 2015 (F-34) / DCSEA 144 Ed D 2015 (F-44) 4-4 4.1.8 TL 9130-0012 Ed E 2012 (F-34) 4-4 4.1.9 STANAG 3747 – Ed11 / AFLP 3747 EdB-v1 2016 4-5 4.2 Concluding Remarks 4-5 Chapter 5 − Additional Considerations for Military Approval of Fuels 5-1 5.1 Background 5-1 5.2 Lack of Consensus on Need for Additional Testing 5-1 5.3 Reasons Why Additional Testing May / May Not Be Required 5-2 Chapter 6 – Recommendations 6-1 6.1 For Military Platform Technical Authority 6-1 6.2 For Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) 6-2 6.3 For Follow On AVT Research Task Groups (RTG) 6-3 6.3.1 Impact of Synthetic Jet Fuels on the Single Fuel Policy (SFP) and 6-4 Land Systems 6.3.2 Impact of the Use of Synthetic Fuels on the Navy 6-5 Chapter 7 – References 7-1 Annex A − List of Military Owned or Controlled MPPL A-1 Annex B − Making Conventional Jet Fuel B-1 B.1 Overview of EI/JIG Standard 1530 B-6 Annex C – Summary of Pre-Workshop Survey and Responses C-1 Annex D − Summary of AVT-225 Meeting at IASH 2015 D-1 Annex E − Decision Chart for Military Platform Certification E-1 Annex F − Petroleum Committee Vision on Future Fuels F-1 iv STO-TR-AVT-225 NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL NATO UNCLASSIFIED RELEASABLE TO PFP, MD, AUS, NZL List of Figures Figure Page Figure 1-1 Carbon Lifecycle for Sustainable Biofuel 1-4 Figure 1-2 Industry Carbon Reduction Goals 1-4 Figure 1-3 Contributions of Measures for Reducing International Aviation Net 1-5 Carbon Dioxide Emission Figure 1-4 Global Share of Aviation Biofuel Initiatives 1-8 Figure 1-5 Commercial Readiness of Synthetic Fuel Flights 1-8 Figure 1-6 Examples of Commercial-Scale Deals 1-9 Figure 2-1 Distribution of Freezing Point in °C in 2013 PQIS Report and in 2-4 Lufthansa Study Figure 2-2 Distribution of Viscosity at -20°C in cSt in 2013 PQIS Report