James Petiver Promoter of Natural Science, c.1663-1718 BY RAYMOND PHINEAS STEARNS 3R upwards of thirty years after 1685 James Petiver Fwas the proprietor of an apothecary shop "at the sign of the White Cross in Aldersgate Street, London." During these years this address became familiar to brother apothe- caries, shipmasters, merchants, planters, physicians, , sur- geons, ministers of the gospel, consuls, ambassadors, privy councilors, peers of the realm, and foreign gentlemen of various degrees extending from Moscow to the Cape of Good Hope and from the British Colonies in the New World to the Spanish settlements in the Philippines. From this shop were dispatched thousands of letters and queries, occasional bits of medical advice together with shipments of drugs and nostrums, newssheets, scientific pamphlets and books, frequent consignments of brown paper, wide-mouthed bottles, and detailed instructions for amateur naturalists and collectors who had set forth—or were on the point of setting forth—to nearby English counties or to far-off foreign lands. To this shop were addressed other thousands of queries—most of them per- taining to the scientific identification, description, classifica- tion, use, habitat, collection, and preservation of botanical specimens and other items of natural history—and hundreds of consignments of seeds, dried plants, insects, serpents, birds, fishes, and small animals for the collections of Mr. Petiver and his friends, whose appetites for such things were insatiable. In this shop were assembled, besides the stocks of herbs and medicines common to a busy and prosperous 244 AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY [Oct., apothecary, one of the largest and most varied collections of specimens of the natural history of the world that existed in England during the early years of the eighteenth century. Sir Hans Sloane, whose reputation as a collector subse- quently eclipsed even that of James Petiver, was said to have offered £4000 for Petiver's collections, and after the latter's death Dr. Sloane did acquire both the specimens and the principal manuscript remains of the apothecary.^ In the British Museum, of which Sloane himself was the founder, one can still find many of the specimens which Mr. Petiver preserved—a leaf from a Maryland plant sent by the Reverend Mr. Hugh Jones, "a very curious Person in all parts of Natural History"; a butterfly from Mr. Hezekiah Usher of New England; an herb from Mr. Edward Bulkley, surgeon at Fort St. George in India; a shell from Dr. Gott- fried Klein, "one of the Czar's physicians"; and many others. And among the manuscript remains there are, besides a multitude of letters to and from Mr. Petiver's far-fiung correspondents and a considerable number of "catalogues," lists of plants, animals, and insects, and other notes and jottings in Mr. Petiver's small, crabbed hand; the well- executed and well-preserved drawings of Virginia plants and insects done by the Reverend Mr. John Banister''; drafts of birds, insects, and fossils by Dr. David Krieg of Riga'; * Petiver left the bulk of his goods to his sister, Jane Woodstock, from whom Sloane pur- chased them. See Petiver's will, 2 Tenison ¡63:103 (Somerset House, London). The will was dated August io, I7i7,and proved April 12,17i8,by Jane and Edward Woodstock. See also Richard Pulteney, Historical and Biographical Sketches of the Progress of Botany in England, London, 1790, II, 31-43. Pulteney wrote (II, 31-2) that Petiver "seems to have been the only one, after the Tradescants, who made any considerable collection in natural history." * See especially "Papers and Draughts of the Reverend Mr. Banister in Virginia sent to Dr. Henry Compton Bishop of London and Dr. Lister from Mr. Petiver's Collection," Sloane Mss. 4002, 118 fols. Others are in Sloaru 2346, 3321, 3331, and 3336. Extracts from Banister letters to Dr. Martin Lister are in the Royal Society Library, Burlington House, London, Classified Papers 1660-1740, XV (i), "Zoology," No. 3, and the Philo- sophical Transactions, XVII, 667-72 (1693-94). I *"! grateful to the President and G)uncil of the Royal Society of London for permission to search among and to quote from manuscripts and other materials belonging to the Society. ' Sloane 2360, 4020. 1952.] JAMES PETIVER 245 drawings and descriptions of East Indian birds and medicinal plants by Edward Bulkley of Fort St. George*; "Mr. Jezreel Jones's Collection of some Productions of Nature by him observed & drawn in Barbary"*; and similar contribu- tions from the hand of Father George Joseph Camel, a Jesuit missionary in Manila.* Verily, Mr. Petiver's correspondents are often more inter- esting and sometimes more significant than Mr. Petiver himself, who was not without certain personal short-comings which will become obvious. But we cannot separate the man, who was vain, excessively ambitious, and occasionally dull, from his achievements, which were of considerable importance in the promotion, patronage, development, and popularization of the new science, especially in the field of natural history. If he referred to literary remains. Dr. Richard Pulteney hardly wrote truth when he observed in 1790 that "too little intelligence is remaining" of James Petiver; for there is an embarrassment of riches. But if Dr. Pulteney meant the proper recognition due to Mr. Petiver for his extraordinary achievements as a virtuoso, his words were correct not only for 1790 but also for today. It is the object of this paper to rescue James Petiver from the oblivion into which he has fallen, not so much, I confess, for the sake of Mr. Petiver as for the sake of certain aspects of intellectual history which cannot be illuminated without the glow from Mr. Petiver's bones. James Petiver, the son of James and Mary (Elborow) Petiver, was born at Hillmorton, near Rugby, Warwickshire, in 1663 or 1664. Shortly after James' birth his father moved to London and became a haberdasher there. About 1676 * Shane 234.6, 3332, 3348, 4020, 4066. ' Shane 4003, fols. 17-22; 3333, fols. 112 ff. » Shane iç68, fols. 159-61; 294^, fols. 9 ff-; 3331, 3335, 4083, A, fols. 128 ff. 246 AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY [Oct., the elder James died, and his son was sent to Rugby Free School "under the patronage of a kind Grandfather, Mr. Richard Elborow."^ Petiver later "bewail'd" that this was the extent of his "Academicall Learning."* On June 5, 1677, he was bound apprentice for eight years to Charles Feltham, apothecary to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Lon- don.' In this capacity he served until October 6, 1685, when he "was examined, approved, sworne, and made Free."^" Soon afterwards, probably with the financial assistance of his "kind Grandfather" or of his uncle of the same name, he set up shop for himself "at the Sign of the White Cross in Aldersgate Street" where he remained until his death in April, 1718. He never married. Indeed, he seemed to look upon the married estate with acute disfavor, for in 1697 he wrote in the "Album Amicorum" of his friend. Dr. David Krieg, Would you be free, take this from me. Never Marry, & you can't miscarry ' Petiver to Dr. Charles Holt, June 2, 1713. Sloane 333c, fols, io-iov. Other relatives of the apothecary appear in his correspondence and in his will, as follows : Petiver's mother re-married to one Mr. Gif ntworth, of Rugby, by whom she had at least one son, Elborow, half-brother to James Petiver; his sister, Jane, married Edward Woodstock of London and she, with her one son and four daughters became the chief beneficiaries of Petiver when he died in 1718. Jane Woodstock was named executrix of his will. His grandfather, Richard Elborow, had a son, also named Richard, Petiver's uncle; and Petiver also appears to have had at least one uncle on his father's side inasmuch as a cousin, William Petiver, sought the apothecary's aid in 1705 to obtain a fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, an effort which failed. Other kinsmen included William Bennett who, in 1704, became an apprentice to Mr. Petiver after much haggling over the fees to be paid (see Sloane 4064., fols. 6, 13, 19, 21), and James and William Sherard, the latter a botanist and antiquarian of considerable fame who served as English Consul at Smyrna where he made a fortune with which he founded the Sherardian Chair of Botany at Oxford. Sloane 4064, fols, i, 17, 88, 89,95, 350; George Pasti, Jr., Consul Sherard: Amateur Botanist and Patron of Learning, 16SÇ-1728 (unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Illinois Library, 1950), pp. 49 ff. ' Petiver to Holt, June 2, 1713, Sloane 333c, fols, io-iov. ' Court-Book, I Sept., 1651 - 6 April, 1680, fol. 221 (Society of Apothecaries, Apothecary Hall, London): "James Pettiver son of James Pettiver late citizen & haberdasher of London deceased examined approved & bound to Charles Feltham for 8 yrs from this day." Petiver was a second apprentice currently bound to Mr. Feltham. '" Court-Book, May 1680-February, i6ç4, fol. 183 (Society of Apothecaries, London). 1952.] JAMES PETIVER 247 Is in a few words the sincere advice Of your hearty Friend, & well-wisher James Petiver Celebs: & Pharmacop: Londin: nee non Societatis Regiae Socius & what else you please" Mr. Petiver's persistent bachelorhood, however, won the stern disapproval of his Uncle Richard Elborow, who evidently held Dissenter views of life. Accordingly, though he left Petiver "a very fair and plentyfull Legacy," when he drew up his will in 1704, Uncle Richard chose Petiver's half- brother, Elborow Glentworth, to be executor of the testa- ment. When Petiver indicated his disapproval, his uncle pointed to his unmarried estate and added, to deal plainly with you is I think you have not made that good Improve- ment of the Tallent you have been intrusted withall.