Horseshoe Bend National Military Park Cultural Landscape Report February 2013 Beth Wheeler Byrd National Park Service Southeast Regional Offi ce Cultural Resources Division This cultural landscape report exists in two formats. A printed version is available for study at the park, at the Southeast Regional Offi ce of the National Park Service, and a variety of other depositories around the United States. For more widespread access, this cultural land- scape report also exists in a web-based format through the website of the National Park Service. Please visit www.nps.gov for more information. Cultural Resources Southeast Regional Offi ce National Park Service 100 Alabama Street SW Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (404) 507-5847 Horseshoe Bend National Military Park 11288 Horseshoe Bend Road Daviston, Alabama 36256-9751 http://www.nps.gov/hobe Cover Image: Horseshoe Bend battlefi eld. NPS photo. ii iv Table of Contents Foreword . xiii Acknowledgements . xv Introduction . 1 Management Summary . .1 Study Boundaries . .2 Historical Summary . .2 Scope of Work and Methodology . .3 Summary of Findings . .4 Site History . 5 Early Settlement . .5 Historic Indians . .6 Creek . .7 Creek Landscape . .8 Creek Towns . .10 The American Revolution . .11 Benjamin Hawkins . .11 Newyaucau . .12 Red Sticks . .13 Tecumseh . .14 War of 1812 . .14 Federal Road . .15 Burnt Corn Creek . .15 Fort Mims . .16 The Creek War . .16 Fort Strother . .19 Battle of Horseshoe Bend . .19 Documentation . .25 After the Battle . .26 Treaty of Fort Jackson . .27 The Legacy of Andrew Jackson . .27 Alabama . .28 Miller Bridge . .29 v Commemoration of the Battle . .30 Alabama Power . .30 Establishment of the Park . .31 Mission 66 . .33 National Register Listing . .34 Lemuel Montgomery Grave . 35 Archeology . .35 Fairbanks . 35 Hinsdale . 35 Dickens . 36 Recent Archeology . 37 Recent Park Developments . .37 Existing Conditions . .41 Natural Resources . 41 Tallapoosa River . 41 Bean’s Island . 42 Cultural Resources . .43 State Highway 49 . 43 Miller Bridge Piers . ..