U.S. Naval War College U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons Newport Papers Special Collections 9-2006 U.S Naval Strategy in the 1990's John B. Hattendorf Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/usnwc-newport-papers Recommended Citation Hattendorf, John B., "U.S Naval Strategy in the 1990's" (2006). Newport Papers. 27. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/usnwc-newport-papers/27 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Newport Papers by an authorized administrator of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS 27 N A U.S. Naval Strategy in the 1990s V AL Selected Documents W AR COLLEGE NE WPOR T P AP ERS N ES AV T A A L T W S A D R E C T I O N L L U E E G H E T R I VI IBU OR A S CT MARI VI 27 John B. Hattendorf, D.Phil., Editor Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Cover Preparations for evening flight operations on board the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman (CVN 75) in March 2005. U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate Airman Ryan O’Connor. T:\Academic\Newport Papers\NPJH\Ventura\NPJH.vp Friday, October 20, 2006 3:57:48 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen U.S. Naval Strategy in the 1990s Selected Documents Edited with an Introduction by John B. Hattendorf, D.Phil. Ernest J. King Professor of Maritime History Naval War College NAVAL WAR COLLEGE PRESS Newport, Rhode Island T:\Academic\Newport Papers\NPJH\Ventura\NPJH.vp Friday, October 20, 2006 3:57:54 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Naval War College The Newport Papers are extended research projects that the Newport, Rhode Island Editor, the Dean of Naval Warfare Studies, and the Center for Naval Warfare Studies President of the Naval War College consider of particular Newport Paper Twenty-seven interest to policy makers, scholars, and analysts. September 2006 The views expressed in the Newport Papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the President, Naval War College Naval War College or the Department of the Navy. Rear Admiral Jacob L. Shuford, U.S. Navy Correspondence concerning the Newport Papers may be Provost/Dean of Academics addressed to the Editor of the Naval War College Press. To Dr. James F. Giblin, Jr. request additional copies, back copies, or subscriptions to Acting Dean of Naval Warfare Studies the series, please either write the President (Code 32S), Dr. Robert C. Rubel Naval War College, 686 Cushing Road, Newport, RI 02841-1207, or contact the Press staff at the telephone, fax, Naval War College Press or e-mail addresses given. Editor: Dr. Carnes Lord Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act Managing Editor: Pelham G. Boyer of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document may be freely reproduced for academic or other Telephone: 401.841.2236 noncommercial use; however, it is requested that Fax: 401.841.1071 reproductions credit the author and Newport Papers series DSN exchange: 948 and that the Press editorial office be informed. To obtain E-mail: [email protected] permission to reproduce this publication for commercial Web: www.nwc.navy.mil/press purposes, contact the Press editorial office. Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1544-6824 T:\Academic\Newport Papers\NPJH\Ventura\NPJH.vp Friday, October 20, 2006 3:57:54 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Contents Foreword, by Carnes Lord v Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 CHAPTER ONE “The Way Ahead” 23 CHAPTER TWO The Navy Policy Book 39 CHAPTER THREE “. From the Sea: Preparing the Naval Service for the 21st Century” 87 CHAPTER FOUR Naval Warfare: Naval Doctrine Publication 1 101 CHAPTER FIVE “Forward . from the Sea” 149 CHAPTER SIX “The Navy Operational Concept” 159 CHAPTER SEVEN “Anytime, Anywhere: A Navy for the 21st Century” 171 CHAPTER EIGHT “Navy Strategic Planning Guidance with Long Range Planning Guidance” 177 List of Abbreviations 267 About the Editor 269 Index 271 The Newport Papers 287 T:\Academic\Newport Papers\NPJH\Ventura\NPJH.vp Friday, October 20, 2006 3:57:54 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Foreword This collection of documents reflecting the evolution of official thinking within the United States Navy and Marine Corps during the post–Cold War era concerning the fundamental missions and strategy of the sea services is part of a larger project designed to bring greater transparency to an important dimension of our recent naval history. This project was initiated by Professor John Hattendorf with his authoritative study in Newport Paper 19, which utilized much previously classified material, of the so-called Maritime Strategy developed and promulgated by the Navy during the 1980s. In the present volume, Newport Paper 27, covering the decade of the 1990s, Professor Hattendorf assembles for the first time in a single publication all the major naval strat- egy and policy statements of this period. Though all are public documents, most of these statements remain very little known and relatively inaccessible, at any rate outside the Navy itself. They are also not always easy to interpret, reflecting as they often do subtle shifts in emphasis or the nuances of internal bureaucratic argument rather than broadly understandable major changes in strategic thought or practice. Accordingly, the documents are accompanied by an introductory essay that attempts to put them in the proper historical and institutional perspective, as well as by a brief commentary for each that provides additional pertinent information and attempts to assess wider sig- nificance. A second Newport Paper dealing with comparable naval strategy statements of the 1970s and 1980s, in the same format and also edited by Professor Hattendorf, is currently in preparation and is slated to appear in 2007. It is important to bear in mind that this material is not merely of historical interest. In his address to the annual Current Strategy Forum at the Naval War College in June 2006, the Chief of Naval Operations. Adm. Michael Mullen, announced his intention to craft what he called a new “maritime strategy” geared to the contemporary and emerg- ing global security environment. The complex and not altogether happy story of earlier efforts within the Navy along similar lines can contribute in vital ways to preparing essential groundwork for such an undertaking. CARNES LORD Director, Naval War College Press Newport, Rhode Island T:\Academic\Newport Papers\NPJH\Ventura\NPJH.vp Friday, October 20, 2006 3:57:54 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Acknowledgments The explanatory notes and introduction to this book of documents from the 1990s and a projected follow-on collection of similar documents from the 1970s and 1980s are adaptations and extensions of the information initially gathered by Capt. Peter M. Swartz, USN (Ret.), of The CNA Corporation, Alexandria, Virginia, which he used in developing a PowerPoint presentation on the history of the U.S. Navy’s strategic docu- ments over the thirty-six years between 1970 and 2006. The version used for reference in this work was that presented at a 27 June 2006 Strategy Conference at CNA.* Captain Swartz presented his briefing widely, extensively circulating it during its devel- opment and garnering new insight and information at each iteration over several years. Additionally, in order to support my work in preparing this monograph, the 2006 CNA Strategy Conference devoted considerable time to the strategy documents included in this volume. I am particularly grateful to Captain Swartz for sharing with me his research materials and e-mail correspondence as well as reviewing and critiquing sev- eral drafts of this book. In addition, I thank Rear Adm. Michael McDevitt, USN (Ret.), and Christine Fox of CNA for their permission and encouragement to use and elabo- rate upon these materials. In essence, the introduction and the explanatory notes in this volume are composites, attempts by the editor to reconcile the various recollections and comments of a variety of the individuals who participated in writing these documents. As such, this volume is only a limited contribution toward a complete and detailed history of naval thinking in this decade, a history written in the light of the additional documents and materials that will progressively become available for historical research and open publication. Many people who participated in various stages of the writing and publication of these documents made constructive comments and provided additional information at the 2006 CNA Strategy Conference and in subsequent correspondence. I am grateful to all who have provided their insights at various points, whether in the development of Captain Swartz’s briefing, during the 2006 CNA conference, or in subsequent e-mail correspondence with me, including: Capt. Roger Barnett, USN (Ret.), Capt. Joe Bouchard, USN (Ret.), Capt. Linton Brooks, USN (Ret.), Cdr. Mitch Brown, USN (Ret.), Capt. John Byron, USN (Ret.), Rear Adm. Bill Center, USN (Ret.), Dr. Greg Cox * Peter M. Swartz, principal author, with graphics by Karin B. Duggin, “U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies & Concepts (1970–2006): Insights for the U.S. Navy of 2006,”version of 8 June 2006. T:\Academic\Newport Papers\NPJH\Ventura\NPJH.vp Friday, October 20, 2006 3:57:54 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen viii THE NEWPORT PAPERS (CNA), Cdr. Steve Deal, USN, Capt. Dick Diamond, USN (Ret.), Cdr. John Dickmann (Ret.), Capt. Will Dossel, USN (Ret.), Capt. Mike Dunaway, USN (Ret.), Dr. Norman Friedman, Dr.