GOVERNING A REGIONAL CAPITAL IN RUSSIA. THE PURSUIT OF COMPETITIVENESS AND IDENTITY: A CASE STUDY OF KAZAN Nadir V. Kinossian A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of City and Regional Planning Cardiff University June 2010 UMI Number: U584461 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U584461 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. 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Signed (candidate) Date C ontents CONTENTS Declaration and statements ................................................................................ i Contents .................................................................................................................. ii Abstract.................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. vii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ ix List of figures ....................................................................................................... x List of tables .......................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The significance of the topic ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Post-socialist urban governance ......................................................................... 3 1.3 Urban redevelopment projects in post-socialist cities .................................... 6 1.4 Problems in the existing literature ...................................................................... 9 1.5 Developing a framework fo r analysis ............................................................... 12 1.6 Research questions ................................................................................................ 13 1.7 The case studies ..................................................................................................... 14 1.8 The structure of this thesis.................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Post-socialist transition and cities ...................................................................... 16 2.1.1 The socialist planning system and cities ............................................... 17 2.1.2 Post-socialist transition debates .............................................................. 21 2.1.3 Post-socialist urban transition debates ................................................... 33 2.2 Neo-liberal urbanisation ....................................................................................... 42 2.2.1 The neo-liberal shift.................................................................................. 42 2.2.2 The implications for cities ........................................................................ 45 2.2.3 Competitiveness, entrepreneurial governance and city marketing... 47 2.2.4 Critical reflections on neo-liberal urbanisation debates ....................... 49 2.3 Connecting the debates ........................................................................................ 51 2.4 Urban governance ................................................................................................. 57 2.4.1 Who governs? .............................................................................................. 57 2.4.2 State vs. market .......................................................................................... 58 2.4.3 Organisation of urban governance ......................................................... 61 C ontents 2.4.4 Entrepreneurial governance and place promotion ................................. 62 2.4.5 Spatial dimension urban governance .................................................... 65 2.5 Framework for analysis ........................................................................................ 67 2.5.1 Urban development projects as a research lens ..................................... 67 2.5.2 Framework for analysis ............................................................................ 70 2.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 74 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN 3.1 The significance of research .............................................................................. 77 3.2 Problems of the existing literature .................................................................... 77 3.3 Research aim and tasks........................................................................................ 79 3.4 Research focus....................................................................................................... 79 3.5 Research questions ............................................................................................... 80 3.6 Research epistemology ....................................................................................... 81 3.7 The role of institutions ......................................................................................... 83 3.8 The selection of case studies ............................................................................... 85 3.9 The boundaries of the research....................................................................... ;. 87 3.10 Data collect ion. ..................................................................................................... 88 3.11 Ethical considerations .......................................................................................... 91 3.12 Approbation ........................................................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH CONTEXT 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 94 4.2 The Russian Federation. ...................................................................................... 94 4.2.1 Chronology (1990-2005) ......................................................................... 95 4.2.2 Economic conditions ................................................................................. 96 4.2.3 Political conditions .................................................................................... 98 4.2.4 Political process (1990-2005) ................................................................ 100 4.3 Russian Federalism .............................................................................................. 102 4.3.1 Characteristics of Russian federalism .................................................... 103 4.3.2 The contemporary politics of Russian federalism ............................... 105 4.3.3 The emerging role of state and funding opportunities for regional j jq projects ................................................................................................................... 4.4 Tatarstan Republic ................................................................................................ 116 4.4.1 Chronology (1990-2005) ......................................................................... 116 4.4.2 Political conditions .................................................................................... 117 4.4.3 Economic conditions ................................................................................. 120 C ontents 4.4.4 Political process (1990-2005) .............................................................. 122 4.5 Kazan ....................................................................................................................... 124 4.5.1 Chronology (1990-2005) ........................................................................ 124 4.5.2 Political conditions