USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System Conservation of Fruit & Nut Genetic Resources Joseph Postman Plant Pathologist & Curator National Clonal Germplasm Repository Corvallis, Oregon May 2010 Mission: Collect – Preserve Evaluate – Enhance - Distribute World Diversity of Plant Genetic Resources for Improving the Quality and Production of Economic Crops Important to U.S. and World Agriculture Apple Accessions at Geneva Malus angustifolia ( 59 Accessions) Malus sikkimensis ( 14 Accessions) Malus baccata ( 67 Accessions) Malus sp. ( 41 Accessions) Malus bhutanica ( 117 Accessions) Malus spectabilis ( 9 Accessions) Malus brevipes ( 2 Accessions) Malus sylvestris ( 70 Accessions) Malus coronaria ( 98 Accessions) Malus toringo ( 122 Accessions) Malus domestica ( 1,389 Accessions) Malus transitoria ( 63 Accessions) Malus doumeri ( 2 Accessions) Malus trilobata ( 2 Accessions) Malus florentina ( 4 Accessions) Malus tschonoskii ( 3 Accessions) Malus floribunda ( 12 Accessions) Malus x adstringens ( 2 Accessions) Malus fusca ( 147 Accessions) Malus x arnoldiana ( 2 Accessions) Malus halliana ( 15 Accessions) Malus x asiatica ( 20 Accessions) Malus honanensis ( 4 Accessions) Malus x astracanica ( 1 Accessions) Malus hupehensis ( 185 Accessions) Malus x atrosanguinea ( 2 Accessions) Malus hybrid ( 337 Accessions) Malus x dawsoniana ( 2 Accessions) Malus ioensis ( 72 Accessions) Malus x hartwigii ( 5 Accessions) Malus kansuensis ( 45 Accessions) Malus x magdeburgensis ( 2 Accessions) Malus komarovii ( 1 Accessions) Malus x micromalus ( 25 Accessions) Malus mandshurica ( 3 Accessions) Malus x moerlandsii ( 2 Accessions) Malus ombrophila ( 5 Accessions) Malus x platycarpa ( 7 Accessions) Malus orientalis ( 816 Accessions) Malus x purpurea ( 5 Accessions) Malus orthocarpa ( 1 Accessions) Malus x robusta ( 13 Accessions) Malus prattii ( 42 Accessions) Malus x scheideckeri ( 2 Accessions) Malus prunifolia ( 52 Accessions) Malus x soulardii ( 3 Accessions) Malus pumila ( 12 Accessions) Malus x sublobata ( 4 Accessions) Malus sargentii ( 23 Accessions) Malus yunnanensis ( 17 Accessions) Malus sieversii ( 2,581 Accessions) Malus zhaojiaoensis ( 33 Accessions) Malus sieversii var. kirghisorum ( 35 Accessions) Malus zumi ( 3 Accessions) Malus sieversii var. turkmenorum ( 4 Accessions) Grape Accessions at Davis Vitis acerifolia ( 15 Accessions) Vitis nesbittiana ( 2 Accessions) Vitis aestivalis ( 38 Accessions) Vitis palmata ( 9 Accessions) Vitis aestivalis var. aestivalis ( 31 Accessions) Vitis piasezkii var. pagnuccii ( 11 Accessions) Vitis aestivalis var. lincecumii ( 11 Accessions) Vitis piasezkii var. piasezkii ( 2 Accessions) Vitis amurensis ( 8 Accessions) Vitis popenoei ( 1 Accessions) Vitis arizonica ( 4 Accessions) Vitis riparia ( 45 Accessions) Vitis betulifolia ( 1 Accessions) Vitis romanetii ( 1 Accessions) Vitis biformis ( 2 Accessions) Vitis rotundifolia ( 110 Accessions) Vitis blancoi ( 1 Accessions) Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana ( 16 Accessions) Vitis bloodworthiana ( 1 Accessions) Vitis rupestris ( 15 Accessions) Vitis californica ( 9 Accessions) Vitis shuttleworthii ( 11 Accessions) Vitis cinerea ( 53 Accessions) Vitis sp. ( 172 Accessions) Vitis cinerea var. cinerea ( 1 Accessions) Vitis tiliifolia ( 7 Accessions) Vitis cinerea var. floridana ( 6 Accessions) Vitis treleasei ( 4 Accessions) Vitis cinerea var. helleri ( 20 Accessions) Vitis vinifera ( 184 Accessions) Vitis coignetiae ( 2 Accessions) Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris ( 77 Accessions) Vitis davidii ( 1 Accessions) Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera ( 1,200 Accessions) Vitis ficifolia ( 2 Accessions) Vitis vulpina ( 26 Accessions) Vitis flexuosa ( 1 Accessions) Vitis wilsonae ( 1 Accessions) Vitis girdiana ( 4 Accessions) Vitis x andersonii ( 1 Accessions) Vitis hybrid ( 1,051 Accessions) Vitis x bourquina ( 4 Accessions) Vitis jacquemontii ( 10 Accessions) Vitis x champinii ( 16 Accessions) Vitis labrusca ( 25 Accessions) Vitis x doaniana ( 6 Accessions) Vitis monticola ( 16 Accessions) Vitis x novae-angliae ( 1 Accessions) Vitis mustangensis ( 70 Accessions) Vitis x slavinii ( 1 Accessions) Thousands of Fruit & Nut Varieties U.S. National Plant Germplasm System • 441,000 Accessions • 11,000 Species Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/ History • 1898 - Section of Seed and Plant Introduction • 1946 – Research & Marketing Act (P.L. 733) • 1947-1952 - Regional Plant Introduction Stations • 1958 - National Seed Storage Laboratory • 1978 - Germplasm Resources Information Network • 1980s - Clonal Repositories • 1990 - P.L.101-624 (National Genetic Resources Program) • 1999 - Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center Active Collections • Regional Plant Introduction Stations • Crop Specific or Special Collections • Clonal Repositories • Genetic Stock Collections Regional Plant Introduction Stations 1. Ames, IA (NC-7) – July 1947 2. Pullman, WA (W-6) – July 1947 3. Geneva, NY (NE-9) - July 1948 4. Griffin, GA (S-9) – Nov 1949 Clonal Repositories 1. Geneva, NY 2. Davis, CA 3. Corvallis, OR 4. Riverside, CA 5. Miami, FL 6. Hilo, HI 7. College Station, TX 8. Mayaguez, PR 9. Washington, DC/Beltsville, MD Base Collection National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation (formerly National Seed Storage Laboratory) Long Term Backup Conservation Seed Viability & Storage Research National Clonal Germplasm Repositories Special Collections • Potato - Sturgeon Bay, WI • Small Grain – Aberdeen, ID • Soybean – Urbana, IL • Cotton – College Station, TX • Herbaceous Ornamental – Columbus, OH • Arctic Plant Genetic Resources – Palmer, AK (Corvallis, OR worksite) • Arid Land Plant Genetic Resources – Parlier, CA (Davis, CA worksite) Genetic Stock Collections • Maize Genetic Stock Center • C.M.Rick Tomato Genetic Stock Center • Wheat Genetic Stock Center • Barley Genetic Stock Center • Pea Genetic Stock Collection • Rice Genetic Stock Center National Germplasm Resources Laboratory – Beltsville 1. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Database) 2. Plant Exchange Office 3. Plant Disease Research Unit NCGR Corvallis – Collection Summary 10,500 total plant and seed accessions (5100 field plants, 7200 screenhouse plants) Sorbus Clonal Accessions Actinidia Sambucus 1% 2% Vaccinium 1% Corylus 10% 9% Rubus Cydonia 11% 1% Fragaria Ribes 18% 10% Pyrus 26% Humulus 5% Mentha Mespilus 6% 0% Repository Objectives Collect Maintain Evaluate Distribute What Fruits Originated in America? Showing F.C. Reimer traveling while investigating pears in northern China - 1919 Pyrus betulifolia – Fine group of 11 trees, 4 miles east of Tien Chwang, Shantung, China - Fall 1919 9 Hokkaido, Japan - 2009 Malus toringo Vaccinium oxycoccos Actinidia arguta Vashlovani Nature Preserve Eastern Georgia Pyrus salicifolia Pyrus caucasica Caucasus Mountains, Georgia Zebra Pear (Pysanka, Easter Egg) Malus orientalis Raspberries Blackberries Cornelian “Cherries” Armenia Figs Quince (Cydonia oblonga) Garden in Shilda Village (east Georgia) Henderson Luelling's 1847 “Traveling Nursery" included the following cultivars: Apples Pears Cherries •Baldwin •Bartlett (Williams' Bon •May Duke •Bellflower (Yellow Bellflower) Chrétien) •Black Bigarreau •Blue Pearmain •Clapp Favorite •Kentish •Early Harvest •Early Butter (Craig) •Royal Anne (Napoleon •Gloria Mundi •Fall Butter (White Doyenné) Bigarreau) •Golden Russet •Pound •Black Tartarian •Gravenstein •Seckel •Early Purple Guigne •King (Tompkins King) •Vicar of Winkfield (Curé) •Newtown •Winter Nelis •Northern Spy •Rambo •Red Astrachan Peaches •Red Cheek Pippin •Early Crawford (Monmouth) •Late Crawford •Rhode Island Greening •Golden Cling •Seek-no-further (Westfield Seek-no-further) •Spitzenburg (Esopus Spitzenburg) •White Winter Pearmain •Winesap Henderson Luelling Yellow Bellflower Apple (in SW Portland) San Juan Island National Park (Belle Angevine or Pound Pear) McDonald Forest Homestead Orchards Photos from Diana Brinn Repository Objectives Collect Maintain Evaluate Distribute ex situ clonal collections: Screenhouse Orchard In vitro Storage Cryogenic Storage PGR Evaluation • Virus testing • Molecular identity • Chemical qualities antioxidants • Resistance screening Fingerprinting: Blueberry PI 554827 PI 618023 PI 554799 PI 554829a PI 554829b PI 554841 Chandler PI 554805 PI 554798 PI 554808 CVAC 1308 PI 554873 PI 554820 PI 554883 PI 554846 PI 554952 PI 554837 Northern PI 554832 Northern Highbush PI 618099 PI 554845 PI 554843 Nahla Bassil PI 554893 Highbush PI 554807a PI 554807b PI 618035 PI 618164 PI 554817 PI 554821 PI 554833 PI 554810 PI 554816 PI 554815 PI 554825 First SSR markers in PI 554894 Liberty Aurora Draper PI 554872 blueberry PI 555317 PI 618194 Jewel Star Oneal Southern Millennia Fingerprint 72 blueberry Em era ld Santa Fe Southmoon Highbush PI 554957 PI 618193 cvs. with 28 SSRs Sharpblue Sapphire CVAC 1321 PI 554804 PI 554812 PI 554823 PI 554826 UPGMA cluster analysis, 3 PI 618192 PI 267847 PI 296414 PI 296395 PI 554943 clusters PI 267848 PI 296400 PI 296396 Wild PI 267844 PI 554881 Wild V. corym bosum PI 554793 PI 296403 PI 554792 PI 554795 PI 554880 0.1 Anthocyanin Content of different blueberry cultivars Wild type From Fla,/Ga. Plant Distribution 2009 521 requests received 5,800 items shipped .