DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis „An Analysis of the United Nations Conflict Management. Special Emphasis is Placed Upon the Challenges in Sudan“ verfasst von / submitted by Mag. Beate Wegscheider angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 092 300 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Dr.-Studium der Philosophie Politikwissenschaft field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Johann Wimmer Lelaina in memory 2 CURRICULUM VITAE Beate WEGSCHEIDER PERSONAL DATA E-mail [email protected] Nationality Österreich Date/place of birth 1. September 1983 in Neunkirchen, NÖ WORK EXPERIENCE 03/11-to date Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior, Vienna 06/2010 - 10/2010 Trainee at the Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior, Vienna Trainee at the Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior, Vienna 09/2009 - 02/2010 02/2009 - 05/2009 Internship at the Permanent Mission of Austria to the United Nations, New York 10/2007 - 12/2007 Internship at the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), The Hague, The Netherlands 07/2007 - 09/2007 Internship at the Austrian Embassy, The Hague, The Netherlands EDUCATION 2008 - 2017 PhD Study of Political Science (International Politics), Vienna University 2003 - 2008 Master Study of Political Science (International Politics, Europe & European Union), (honors), Topic: ‘Europeanization of National Security’, Vienna University 1994 - 2000 High School Diploma, GRG15 Auf der Schmelz 4, Wien PUBLICATIONS 03/2014 The Austrian Approach to Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), in: European CIIP Newsletter, Volume 8, No 1, 2014, p. 11 10/2012 The United Nations Conflict Management in Sudan, in: Responsibility to Protect, Peacekeeping, Diplomacy, Media and Literature Responding to Humanitarian Challenges, Innsbruck University Press, 2012, p. 355 03/2009 Europäisierung Innerer Sicherheit, in: Global View, 03/2009, p. 20 LANGUAGE SKILLS German mother tongue Englisch C1 (Sprachentest des BMLVS) Italienisch B2 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Professor Johann Wimmer for his professional and academic assistance in the preparation of my written work. He has been my mentor and strong supporter from the first years at Vienna University, to the preparation of the master thesis and eventually the finalization of the thesis at hand to obtain my doctoral degree. Being accompanied by such an outstanding scientist and warm personality on my academic path was a thorough joy. Moreover, I am grateful to the Canadian Studies Centre in Innsbruck that provided the opportunity to not only present but also publish the first draft of this manuscript. I would, however, also like to express my special thanks to the many United Nations’ officials that were gracious and generous with their time and provided me with candid analysis. My appreciation specially goes to Mr. Francis Deng, Mr. Ian Cliff and Mr. Vladimir Zhagora who granted me some of their time for interviews and offered me helpful insights form their experience with the United Nations and the Sudan. Additionally, I am grateful to the Vienna University and the Julius Raab Foundation who financially supported the creation of this thesis. Thanks also to Karin Ioannou- Wokoun for taking the time to review this work. Last, but certainly not least, a special and loving admiration is extended to Regina, for her love, support and confidence as well as to Filippo, who brought so much happiness to my life. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................................ 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................... 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. 5 GLOSSARY/LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................... 7 LIST OF GRAPHS, MAPS AND TABLES ................................................................ 10 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Research Question .......................................................................................... 14 1.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Structure........................................................................................................... 17 PART I: A SHORT INTRODUCTION TO THE TERMINOLOGY .............................. 20 2.1 Conflict, Violence and Peace by Johan Galtung .............................................. 20 2.2 Conflict Management, Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation ........... 26 2.2.1 Conflict Prevention, Peacemaking, Peace Enforcement, Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding ............................................................................ 27 2.2.2 Conflict Cycle and Intensity ........................................................................ 34 2.3 The Concept of Security and the Monopoly of Legitimate Force ...................... 41 2.4 From Fragile to Collapsed States ..................................................................... 44 PART II: THE UNITED NATIONS ............................................................................. 53 3.1 A Brief Introduction to the United Nations History ............................................ 53 3.2 The Dimension of International Peace Operations – the United Nations Blue Helmets as Conflict Management Tool ............................................. 60 3.2.1 The Rise of United Nations Peace Operations .......................................... 60 3.2.2 Restructuring United Nations Conflict Management – Trendsetting Reports and Major Reforms of United Nations Operations ................................. 77 3.2.3 Procedures for the Formation of a new United Nations Operations ........... 87 3.3 The Responsibility to Protect (R2) .................................................................... 93 3.3.1 The Origin of R2P ...................................................................................... 93 5 3.3.2 The Emergence of R2P ........................................................................... 100 PART III: CASE STUDY SUDAN ........................................................................... 110 4.1 Sudan’s History. A Brief Summary................................................................. 110 4.1.1 Sudan’s Civil Wars .................................................................................. 112 4.1.2 Sudan after the 2011 Independence of the South ................................... 130 4.2 United Nations Interventions .......................................................................... 137 4.2.1 Scope and Definition ............................................................................... 137 4.2.2 Defining Success .................................................................................... 143 4.2.3 A Short and Broad Overview of Successes and Failure of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations in Africa ..................................................... 150 4.2.4 UNMIS: United Nations Mission in Sudan (2005-2011) ........................... 153 4.2.5 UNAMID: African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (July 2007-to date) ........................................................................................... 162 4.2.6 UNISAF: United Nations Organization Interim Security Force for Abyei (June 2011-to date) ................................................................................ 174 4.2.7 UNMISS: United Nations Mission in South Sudan (July 2011-to date) ... 177 5 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ............................................................... 184 6 REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 190 6.1 Books and Papers ......................................................................................... 190 6.2 Internet Resources ........................................................................................ 202 6.3 United Nations Documents ............................................................................ 214 6.4 Source of Graphs, Maps and Tables ............................................................. 220 6.5 Others ............................................................................................................ 222 7 ATTACMENTS .................................................................................................... 223 7.1 Abstract (English) .......................................................................................... 223 7.2 Abstract (German) ......................................................................................... 224 6 GLOSSARY/ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abyei Protocol Protocol on “The Resolution of Abyei Conflict” signed by the Parties on 26 May 2004 Abyei Referendum A referendum that was supposed to be held among the residents of Abyei (simultaneously with the referendum of Southern Sudan) allowing them to vote on whether Abyei shall retain its special administrative