STRUCTURES FOR DEALING WITH NATIONAL SECURITY IN INDIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMBATING TERRORISM- A STUDY THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE By S. SREEJITH DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE & PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY ANNAMALAI NAGAR – 608 002 TAMIL NADU DECEMBER 2012 ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE & PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Dr. P. Sakthivel, Ph.D., Associate Professor & Head i/c Department of Political Science & Public Administration Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar – 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India Date: 10-12-2012 CERTIFICATE This to certify that the thesis entitled “STRUCTURES FOR DEALING WITH NATIONAL SECURITY IN INDIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMBATING TERRORISM- A STUDY” is a bonafide record of research work done by Mr. S. SREEJITH. It is also certified that the above work has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship of other similar titles. This thesis is an independent and original research work of the candidate. Dr. P. SAKTHIVEL (Research Supervisor) S. Sreejith Research Scholar Department of Political Science & Public Administration Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar – 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India Date: 10 - 12- 2012. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis entitled” “STRUCTURES FOR DEALING WITH NATIONAL SECURITY IN INDIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COMBATING TERRORISM- A STUDY” has been carried out by me independently under the guidance of Dr. P. SAKTHIVEL, Associate Professor and Head, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, and the work has not been submitted either in whole or in part for any degree, diploma, fellowship, etc., at any other University or Institute. (S. SREEJITH) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my profound and sincere gratitude to my guide Dr. P. SAKTHIVEL M.A., Ph.D., Associate Professor and Head i/c, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Annamalai University for his dedicated effort, guidance and encouragement. I place my sincere gratitude to Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India for the Research fellowship in Criminology and Police Science and all sorts of support in my research work. I express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. N. Swaminathan M.A., Ph.D., former Professor and Head, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Annamalai University for his valuable suggestions in selecting this work. I am grateful to Mr. RPC Nair. IPS (Former DGP- Jail, Kerala Police) and Col. R. G. Nair (Retd. Army officer) for their suggestions and directions in shaping my research work. I am greatly beholden to Mr. A. Rajamanickam (Research Scholar, Dept. of Linguistics and Retired Principal) and Mr. A. Senthilkumar (Research Scholar, Dept. of Botany) for their timely help and assistance to complete the work in the present form. I thank Mr. Venugopal (BJP- Parliamentary office, New Delhi), Mr. E.R. Narayana Das, (All India Congress Committee- Parliamentary office, New Delhi), Mr. Madhusoodhanan Pai (Research Associate, New Delhi) Mr. J. Nandakumar (Kozhikode) and Mr. M. Gopal (Thiruvananthapuram) for they have extended all sorts of support during the data collection and interviews. My grateful thanks to Josy Joseph (Times of India, New Delhi), P.J. Sreelal (Manorama News, New Delhi), A. Binu Aravind (Manorama News, New Delhi), Kumar Chellappan (DNA News, Chennai), R.B Sreekumar IPS, (Former Add. DGP Intelligence, Gujarat Police), K. Pratapa Chandran (Add. Commandant, CRPF, J&K), Jayasankar (Add. Commandant, CRPF, New Delhi), Subidar Maj. Santhosh (Indian Army & NSG, Manesar) and G. Gireesh (Kerala police commando, Thiruvanathapuram) for their boundless support and efforts to facilitate my interview in a deliberate manner. I am grateful to all the respondents of my interview (IAS and IPS officers who served in the top most positions in the country’s security agencies, Home and Cabinet Secretaries and Journalists) for their cooperation and sharing of views during the interview which is the major contribution to the research work. I am thankful to Dr. K. Jaishankar, Associate Professor, Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice, MS University, Thirunelveli and Dr. E. Prabhakaran, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Defense Studies, Madras University, Chennai for their valuable suggestions and directions which shaped the study in the present form. I am extremely thankful to the Librarians- National Police Academy (NPA) Library (Hyderabad), Andhra Pradesh Police Academy (APPA) Library (Hyderabad), BPR&D Library (New Delhi), Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies (IDSA) Library (New Delhi), Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) Library, United Service Institute (USI) Library (New Delhi), CRPF Library- (New Delhi), BSF Library- (New Delhi), NSG Library (Manesar), American Library (Chennai), Connemara Library (Chennai), Madras University Library- (Chennai), Rajeev Gandhi Institute of Youth Development (Chennai), Kerala University Library, Annamalai University Library, and convey my special regards to Mr. K. Pugalenthi (Librarian, Dept. of Political Science) I am ever grateful to my friends especially, Dr. Akhil. R. Krishnan (Kozhikode), Dr. R.S. Rejoice (New Delhi), P. Sujith (Chennai), A. Abhilash (Kozhikode), K.S Sreejith (Kottayam), Ebby C. Joseph (J&K), K.V. Sachin, R.S Sudeep Krishnan, P. Shibu, V.R Anooj, M.N Vijesh and S.L Prasanth (Thiruvananthapuram) who rendered their efforts and endorsements that strengthened me to accomplish my research work. I am grateful to my fellow Scholars and friends, R.P. Prabhakaran, K. Prabu, D. Loganayaki, D. Maran, D. Deepa, P. Kumaran, Moideen Ali, C. Arunkumar and all the teaching and non-teaching staff in the department for their cooperation and support in this study. Above all, I am indebted with my Father, Mother, Sisters (G. Sreeja and G. Sheeja) and Brothers-in-law (B.S. Praveen Kumar and B.S. Manoj) for their wholehearted support and back-up, that enable my research study to be a successful one. S. SREEJITH CONTENTS Page No. Chapter I Introduction i. Statement of the Problem 1 ii. Review of Literature 6 iii. Objectives 23 iv. Methodology 24 v. Sampling 24 vi. Delimitation 25 vii. Sources 25 viii. Plan of the Study 26 Chapter II Setting: Terrorism in India 31 Chapter III National Security Structures in India and their 62 Role in Combating Terrorism Chapter IV Analysing the Working of Counter Terrorism 118 Mechanism in Sensitive Cases in India Chapter V An Appraisal on the Working of Counter 155 Terrorism Mechanism Chapter VI Conclusion 178 Bibliography a. Books 191 b. Journals 197 Appendices 1. List of Experts Interviewed i 2. Constituents of National Security System iv (Central) 2a. Man Power Status in CPFs (1997-2011) v 2b. Field set-up of State Police Forces in India, As vi on 1.1.2011 2c. Strength of Police Forces: Civil and Armed vii Police, As on 1.1.2011 2d. Strength of State Police Special Branch, Crime viii Branch and Special Task Force - As on 2011 2e. Ratio on Police/ Population and Police/ Area - ix As on 1.1.2011 3. Official Publications x 3a. Other Publications/ Reports xi 3b. News Paper xi 3c. Periodicals xi 3d. Journals xii 3e. News Channels xii 3f. Websites xiii 4 Libraries xiv Questionnaire xv LIST OF TABLES Page Table No. TITLE No. 2.1. Nature of terrorism in India 40 3.1 Field set up of State Police Forces in India, as on 2011 106 5.1. Percentage Distribution of Respondents by Category 155 5.2. Efficiency of Intelligence System in Counter Terrorism 156 State Police Force in Dealing Terrorist Situations in the 5.3. 157 States 5.4 State Police Commando Forces in Dealing with Terrorism 157 5.5. Anti Terrorism Squad in Dealing Terrorist Situation 158 5.6. Investigation of Terrorism Cases in India 158 Central and State Police Agencies in Terrorism 5.7. 159 Investigations 5.8. State Police CID in Investigating Terrorism Cases 160 5.9 Organizational Weakness affects the Counter Terrorism 161 5.10. Intelligence System in Centre and State level 161 5.11. Law Enforcement system in Centre and State level 163 5.12. Professionalism among the Agency Personnel 165 5.13. Poor Accountability among the Civil Police Personnel 166 5.14. Combined Training of Security Forces in Counter 166 5.15. Proliferation of Security Agencies and Multiple Task 167 Mushrooming of Intelligence Agencies and Divergent 5.16 167 Approach Intelligence Agencies of India are Redirecting from its 5.17. 168 Actual Role 5.18. Lack of Coordination among the Agencies 168 5.19. Efficiency of Intelligence Management at the National level 169 5.20. Co-ordinal Intelligence Sharing Between the Agencies 169 Law Enforcement Agencies Responses to the Intelligence 5.21. 170 Warnings Co-ordination between Army, Central and State Police in 5.22. 170 Peace Time 5.23. Comprehensive Policy in Counter Terrorism in India 171 Common Counter Terrorism Policy in Intelligence 5.24. Collection among the Intelligence units of National, State, 171 Defence and CPO 5.25. Counter Terrorism Approach in India 172 5.26. Propaganda Warfare in Counter Terrorism 172 5.27. Political Will in Combating Terrorism in India 173 5.28. Political Interference in Counter Terrorism Works 174 Diverse Political Ideologies of the State or Centre in Counter 5.29. 174 Terrorism Lack of Central Ministry for Internal Security Purpose and 5.30. 175 counter terrorism efforts in the country 5.31. Public