ii Service Without Guns iv Service Without Guns SERVICE WITHOUT GUNS Selected Books by the Authors Donald J. Eberly, A Profile of National Service, 1966 Michael W. Sherraden and Donald J. Eberly, National Ser- vice: Social, Economic and Military Impacts, 1982 Reuven Gal, Portrait of the Israeli Soldier, 1986 Donald J. Eberly, National Service: A Promise to Keep, 1988 Reuven Gal and Thomas C. Wyatt, Legitimacy and Commit- ment in the Military, 1990 Donald Eberly and Michael Sherraden, The Moral Equivalent of War? A Study of Non-Military Service in Nine Nations, 1990 Reuven Gal and A. D. Mangelsdorff, Handbook of Military Psychology, 1991 Donald J. Eberly, National Youth Service in the 20th and 21st Centuries, 1997 vi Service Without Guns SERVICE WITHOUT GUNS Donald J. Eberly and Reuven Gal With a guest chapter by Michael Sherraden Copyright c 2006 by Donald J. Eberly and Reuven Gal Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following for permission to re- print previously published material: Voluntary Action: The Journal of the Institute for Volunteering Research, London, Volume 5, No. 2, Spring 2003. “National Youth Service as an In- strument of Peace and Reconciliation,” by Donald J. Eberly The Responsive Community. Summer, 2004. “From Military Officer Cadets to NYS Volunteer Cadets: The Transformation from Military to Civic Service,” by Donald J. Eberly and Reuven Gal ISBN viii Service Without Guns PREFACE In December 2000, Reuven Gal sent Donald Eberly an e-mail inviting him to present a paper at the forthcoming conference of the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society. The paper was to deal with linkages between military service and National Youth Service in the 20th Century. Eberly replied to say that he could not attend but suggested that it was a very important topic and we should write a book about it. That is how this book was born. Interwoven as our respective backgrounds are with civilian service and military service and with research and work in a number of countries worldwide, the decision to proceed with this book is perhaps not surprising. As an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1940s, Donald Eberly was active in a student-led project that brought several hundred young men and women to MIT from countries that had been devastated by World War II and from developing countries for a summer of study and research. Today, Eberly and his colleagues would be called volunteers in a service-learning program. He served in the US Army as a draftee from 1951 to 1953 and later that year he went to teach physics and mathematics at Molusi College, Ijebu-Igbo, Nigeria. He left in 1956 and a few years later a Peace Corps Volunteer would occupy that position. Eberly first circulated his proposal for National Youth Service (NYS), called “A National Service for Peace” in 1957. That led to the remainder of his career being devoted to NYS. Over the years, he has convened several conferences on NYS, testified before the US Congress and Canadian parliament on NYS, developed a plan for NYS at the request of a Presiden- tial Commission in the US, conducted a number of research studies, managed a NYS test project, written numerous articles about NYS, and visited NYS projects in North and South America, Central America and the Caribbean, Africa and Europe, the Middle East and Far East, and Australasia and the Pacific Islands. Eberly was the founder and Director of the National Service Secretariat in the USA from 1966-1994 and became the Honorary President of the International Association for National Youth Service in 1998. He is the author of National Service: A Promise to Keep, 1988; the editor of A Profile of National Service, 1966; and the co-editor with Michael W. Sherraden of National Service: Social, Economic and Military Impacts, 1982, and of The Moral Equivalent of War: A Study of Non-Military Service in Nine Nations, 1990. Eberly moved to New Zealand in 1994. As a boy, Reuven Gal was an active member and a "Madrich" (group-leader) in the Israeli Scouts Movement. He served in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) as a combat infan- try officer from 1960-1963 and commanded a reserve recon- naissance unit during the battles in Jerusalem in the Six-Days War. After completing his academic studies in psychology and sociology with a B.A, and M.A. from the Hebrew Univer- sity in Jerusalem and a Ph.D. from the University of Califor- nia, Berkeley, Reuven served as IDF's Chief Psychologist from 1976-1982 and retired from the IDF with the rank of Colonel. In 1985 Gal founded and subsequently headed the Carmel Institute for Social Studies, a non-profit research and policy-making center, which studies and promotes social and psychological projects, both in Israel and internationally. Among these projects is the Helping-the-Helpers program, de- signed to help mental-health professionals in the former- Yugoslav countries throughout their civil wars from 1992- 2001. Similarly, he engaged in conflict-resolution and recon- ciliation issues in Northern Ireland, as well as in Jewish–Arab co-existence programs. In 1991 Gal, together with two col- leagues, founded the Center for Outstanding Leadership in Zichron Ya’akov. In August 2002 he became the Deputy Na- x Service Without Guns tional Security Advisor for Domestic Policy at the Israeli Na- tional Security Council, where he was in charge of promoting Sherut Leumi (NYS), a universal youth service. Gal has attended numerous conferences on NYS and, as Deputy President of the International Association for National Youth Service, hosted its 2000 conference in Jerusalem. Be- sides his academic and research work (among his books are: A Portrait of the Israeli Soldier, 1986; Legitimacy and Com- mitment in the Military, 1990; The Seventh War, 1990, and Handbook of Military Psychology, 1991 ), Gal also serves as a senior consultant to Israel's National Memorial Museum and is a member of numerous other public and academic organiza- tions. Our experiences and studies and observations have led us to the conclusion that young people everywhere in the world would much rather cooperate with other young people in constructive activities than engage them in combat, and that the societies from which they come would much rather have the service of young people directed toward meeting basic human needs than toward domination of other societies by force of arms. We hope this book will contribute to many more young people having such constructive service opportunities. * * * * * This book was written from 2001 to 2005. Nearly all of the information resources come from the 20th Century. We generally refer to programs in the present tense if they were still in existence at the time of the writing and in the past tense if they were not. With young people in NYS variously known as Vol- unteers, Corpers, Zivis, and (on rare occasions) Conscientious Objectors, we wanted a generic term that had more life to it than the usual “participants.” We have taken the liberty of re- ferring to young men and women in NYS as “cadets,” carrying with it a connotation of youthfulness as well as work com- bined with learning. In New Zealand, a cadet is a young man who lives and works on a sheep station, learning the trade. In Israel, cadets are young trainees in leadership programs. NYS cadets are, indeed, young, committed and eager to learn. We thank the thousands of NYS cadets we have met for the work they have done and for the insights into NYS that we have gained from them. We thank our fellow members of the International Association for National Youth Service for a substantial amount of information in this book and for the per- spectives on NYS that they have shared with us. We salute persons we have known for the pioneering work they have done in developing and advancing NYS; persons such as Tai Solarin of Nigeria and Peter Kpordugbe of Ghana, Alec Dick- son and Elisabeth Hoodless of the UK, Koesnadi Hardjasoe- mantri of Indonesia, Ali Raza Khan of Pakistan, Maria Nieves Tapia of Argentina, Jacques Hebert of Canada, Nicole Flei- scher of Israel, and Eleanor Roosevelt, Hubert Humphrey, Morris Janowitz, Margaret Mead, Harris Wofford, Willard Wirtz, Charles Moskos, James Kielsmeier and Susan Stroud of the United States. Special thanks go to Michael Sherraden, Benjamin E. Youngdahl Professor of Social Development and Director, Center for Social Development, Washington University in St. Louis. In addition to his authorship of Chapter 8, we are also grateful for his wise counsel over the years and his initiatives in advancing NYS. Finally, we wish to thank Sheila Allison of Australia’s University of Tasmania for offering to set up a web site and her colleague Anne Hugo for creating the web site (http://www.acys.utas.edu.au/ianys/) of the International As- sociation for NYS in 1996, and for maintaining it since then; Nik Hollander and Sarah Hollander of New Zealand for in- valuable computer advice and assistance; and Henning Soren- son of Denmark for suggesting the title, Service without Guns. xii Service Without Guns CONTENTS Introduction 1 Part I: Inter-relationship of Military Service and Civic Service 9 1 Military Service at the Beginning of the 21st Century 10 2 Linkages between Civic and Military Service in the 20th Century 16 Part II: What is National Youth Service all about? 31 3 Trends Toward National Youth Service 32 4 Best Practices of National Youth Service 50 5 The Special Case of Service-Learning 75 6 National Youth Service as a Psycho-Social Process 87 Part III: The Impact of National Youth Service 100 7 The Service Impact of National Youth Service 101 8 National Youth Service as Strong Policy 108 Part IV: Future of National Youth Service 146 9 A Potential Role for National Youth Service in Community Reconstruction and Intercultural Understanding 147 10 Practical Steps to Advance National Youth Service 161 11 Conclusion 174 References 179 Index 193 Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION We have written this book because we believe the world will be a better place if civilian service by young people becomes as widespread and important in the 21st Century as military service was in the 20th Century.