TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X AFFIRMATION X GLOSSARY/ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS X WORKING DEFINITIONS X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY X PART I. INTRODUCTION X Ƈ Human trafficking – a global phenomenon Ƈ Legal framework and definition Ƈ Child trafficking for sexual purposes in india Ƈ West bengal Ƈ Background to the project Ƈ Purpose and objectives of the present baseline PART II. METHODOLOGY X Ƈ Data collection tools Ƈ Quantitative component Ƈ Qualitative component Ƈ Research team Ƈ Most vulnerable children Ƈ Ethics Ƈ Limitations 2 World Vision India 2018 | 3 PART III. DEMOGRAPHICS OF STUDY POPULATION X Ƈ Children and their caregivers (Darjeeling and 24 south parganas) Ƈ Single mothers in commercial Sexual exploitation (cse) living in sonagachi PART IV. COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION X & TRAFFICKING IN WEST BENGAL Ƈ Current estimates of human trafficking in west bengal Ƈ International debate about Sex trafficking and sex work Ƈ Life trajectories of women in cse in sonagachi Ƈ Work and migration history Ƈ Vulnerability factors and reasons for getting into cse Ƈ Processes for entry into cse Ƈ Living and working conditions Ƈ Hopes for the future PART V. PARENTING AND CAREGIVERS X RELATIONSHIP TO THEIR CHILDREN Ƈ Caring practices of parents (Darjeeling/24 south parganas) Ƈ Connection to caregivers Ƈ Knowledge about the local Ƈ Caring environment occurrence of trafficking Ƈ Violent discipline Ƈ Causes of trafficking Ƈ Perceptions of safety Ƈ Stigma and trafficking Ƈ Caring for children in sonagachi Ƈ Basic needs PART VIII. CHILD PROTECTION SERVICES X Ƈ Early childhood development Ƈ Knowledge about protective Ƈ Child discipline actions from trafficking Ƈ Knowledge about services PART VI. KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES X Ƈ Participation in child protection actions RELATED TO GENDER Ƈ Ladder of life Ƈ Caregivers Ƈ Gender equitable index PART X. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS X Ƈ Decision-making in the household Ƈ Main findings: darjeeling & 24 south parganas Ƈ Attitudes related to intimate Ƈ Main findings: single mothers who are in partner violence (ipv) commercial sexual exploitation (kolkata) Ƈ Adolescents Ƈ Recommendations Ƈ Gender equitable index Ƈ Gender discrimination ANNEX 2. CHILDREN IN NEED OF CARE X AND PROTECTION PART VII. KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES X Ƈ Mvc definition RELATED TO CHILD WORK AND TRAFFICKING Ƈ Mvc definition process Ƈ Work and migration practices among adolescents Ƈ Knowledge about trafficking in source areas ANNEXE 3. WEIGHTING PROCEDURES X (24 South parganas and darjeeling) Ƈ Trafficking and its definition REFERENCES X EVERY LAST ONE CAMPAIGN – Child protection | 4 World Vision India 2018 | 5 I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS GLOSSARY/ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS The authors are grateful to the World Vision team who supported the many baseline activities. Inparticular we AP AREA PROGRAMME would like to thank Joseph Wesley (Head, Anti Trafficking Programme),Jim reeves Samuel (DME Specialist), Adahrii ADP AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Daikho(M&E Coordinator), Amos Tshering (Technical Specialist, Anti Trafficking Programme) and Dr.Anjana CGCA COLUMBIA GROUP FOR CHILDREN IN ADVERSITY Purkayastha, Senior Director (Special Projects, World Vision India). We would also like to thank the ADPand CLS CHILD LABOUR SURVEY areastaff: SandipBhowmickand Pradyut Kumar Das (24 South Parganas ADP),Simon Karmakar (Community CPC CHILD PROTECTION COMMITTEE Development Facilitator) and Arnab Sahoo (Combat child trafficking for sexual exploitation programme). CP CHILD PROTECTION Thanks also goesto Laura Bramon and Rahsaan Graham from the WV U.S. office for their help and support CFLRC CHILD FRIENDLY LEARNING AND RECREATIONAL CENTRE throughout the process. We are grateful for the commitment of Mridula Bose who was the translator in 24 South CNCP CHILDREN IN NEED OF CARE AND PROTECTION Parganas,Moumita Khati, who was translator and qualitative researcher in Darjeeling, Madhulika Mitra, research CPI CHILD PROTECTION INITIATIVE manager from Model who coordinated the data collectors in Kolkata and the manyquantitative and qualitative CSE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION data collectors.We would also like to thank Christos Byron for his technical support provided in sampling and CSEC COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN statistical analysis. DME DESIGN, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION DMSC DURBAR MAHILA SAMANWAYA COMMITTEE Finally, deep thanks go to the children, adolescents, families, community members and key stakeholders in West ECDI EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT INDEX Bengal, India who shared their experiences and opinions in this learning process. ELO EVERY LAST ONE (WORLD VISION CAMPAIGN) FGD FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION GBV GENDER BASED VIOLENCE II. AFFIRMATION GP GRAM PANCHAYAT IPC INDIAN PENAL CODE Except as acknowledged by the references in this paper to other authors and publications, the evaluation ITPA IMMORAL TRAFFICKING (PREVENTION) ACT described herein consists of our own work, undertaken to secure funding, implement the activities, describe KII KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW and advance learning, as part of the requirements of World Vision’s Design, Monitoring and Evaluation M&E MONITORING & EVALUATION Learning System. MVC MOST VULNERABLE CHILDREN NGO NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANISATION Primary quantitative and qualitative data collected throughout the evaluation process remain the property NO NATIONAL OFFICE of the communities and families described in this document. Information and data must be used only with OBC OTHER BACKWARD CASTE their consent.All products are the property of World Vision. PSU PRIMARY SAMPLING UNIT SC SCHEDULED CASTE SPSS STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Mathilde Guntzberger, M.A. Research Associate ST SCHEDULED TRIBE Kathleen Kostelny, Ph.D. Senior Research Associate UNICEF UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND VAC VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN Columbia Group for Children in Adversity VLCPC VILLAGE LEVEL CHILD PROTECTION COMMITTEE WFCL WORST FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR WVI WORLD VISION INDIA EVERY LAST ONE CAMPAIGN – Child protection | 6 World Vision India 2018 | 7 WORKING DEFINITIONS This means that any child under the age of 18 who is recruited or moved from one place to another to be exploited is considered to have been trafficked, even if no deception or coercion is used. Movement of children with an intention Caregiver: The caregiver is the one who spends the most time looking to exploit is central to this notion of exploitation, even where the action is thwarted and the exploitation after the children physically. In most cases, this will be the biological unfulfilled (UNICEF) . mother but could also be an aunt, grandmother, or father depending on the family structure (World Vision). Child work: Work that does not affect children’s health and personal development or their educational attendance Child: Internationally, the UNCRC apply to all those below the age of 18. and performance. In fact, child work, which includes activities in the home or after school hours and In the Indian domestic legal framework, the ITPA (originally enacted as the during school holidays, may stimulate chil¬dren’s development, skills and expertise and encourage them Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956 and amended to participate actively and assume responsibilities in their homes and communities (see ILO) . in 1986) also defines a child as a person below 18 years. In this report, the term ‘child’ is taken to mean all children below the age of 18 years. Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC): There is no definition under international law for the The working definition of “adolescents” in this survey is anyone who is 12-17 years old. term “commercial sexual exploitation of children” (CSEC), and the term has increasingly been used interchangeably with the abovementioned term “child sexual exploitation”. At the third World Congress in Rio de Janeiro in 2008, the Child labour: Not all work is child labour. Child labour is work that is term “commercial” was dropped from the title of the congress, to make the title: The World Congress against the mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children; Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents. However, there is still debate about the inclusion of “commercial” as it and interferes with their schooling by: emphasises the fact that criminals and criminal networks profit from the sexual commoditisation and objectification of Ɓ Depriving them of the opportunity to attend school; children. For the purpose of this baseline, we use the term Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. Ɓ Obliging them to leave school prematurely; or Requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work. Disability: The outcome of the interaction between a person with a functional limitation (difficulties doing basic In this survey, child labourers include those: functional activities) and an unaccommodating environment resulting in the inability to fully participate in society (Washington Group on Disability)4 . Ɓ 12-14 years old: engaged in household chores for 28 hours or more in the reference week and /or in economic activity (EA) for 14 hours or more in the reference week. Most Vulnerable Children(MVC): Most vulnerable children are children whose quality of life and ability to Ɓ 15-17 years old: engaged in household chores for 43 hours or more in the reference week fulfil their potential is most affected by extreme deprivation and violations of their rights. These children often live and /or in EA for 43 hours or more in the reference week (UNICEF, MICS).