Republic of India Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation JICA Experts Study for the Operations and Maintenance Structure of Mumbai Metro Line 3 Project in India Final Report October 2015 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Japan International Consultants for Transportation Co., Ltd. PADECO Co., Ltd. 4R Metro Development Co., Ltd JR 15-046 Table of Contents Chapter 1 General issues for the management of urban railways .............................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Management of urban railways ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 Construction of urban railways ...................................................................................... 12 1.4 Governing Structure ........................................................................................................ 17 1.5 Business Model ................................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2 Present situation in metro projects ............................................................ 23 2.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Metro projects in the world ............................................................................................. 23 2.3 Summary......................................................................................................................... 119 Chapter 3 Mumbai metro line 3 ................................................................................ 121 3.1 Operational background and challenges ...................................................................... 121 3.2 Outline of Line 3............................................................................................................. 122 3.3 Organization for operation, upkeep and control .................................................................... 150 3.4 Financial Structure ........................................................................................................ 156 3.5 Relevant regulations ...................................................................................................... 163 3.6 Possible structures for O&M ......................................................................................... 168 Chapter 4 Assumed Management Structure ............................................................ 174 4.1 Outline ............................................................................................................................ 174 4.2 Financial implications on outsourcing of O&M services ............................................. 176 4.3 Risk Analysis .................................................................................................................. 186 4.4 Organization Chart, Division of Duties and Member Placement: Mumbai Metro Line 3 .......... 191 4.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 205 Appendix 1 Land Price Inflation due to Railway Construction .................................. 208 A 1.1 Land price along a railway line..................................................................................... 208 A 1.2 Land Price and time distance ....................................................................................... 209 Appendix 2 Measures to lighten government debts .................................................... 210 A 2.1 Appropriation of revenue from fixed asset tax ............................................................ 210 A 2.2 Use of beneficiary-pays scheme under urban planning law ....................................... 211 A 2.3 New station development using the benefit principle system based on applications by developers, etc. ................................................................................................................................ 215 A 2.4 Adoption of developer burden charge based on negotiation between parties ........... 217 A 2.5 Internalization by railway operator of land price gains from line-side development to alleviate cost of investment in railway development (for reference) .......................................... 220 Appendix 3 Trend of Traffic Operators ........................................................................ 222 1 A 3.1 Vertical (upper/lower) separation and open access...................................................... 222 A 3.2 Traffic operator ............................................................................................................... 224 A 3.3 Contract with operator .................................................................................................. 226 Appendix 4 Examples of rolling stock depot/workshop............................................... 229 Appendix 5 Calculation of the Costs of Management, Upkeep and control ............... 248 A 5.1 Yardstick Method ........................................................................................................... 248 A 5.1.1 Outline ............................................................................................................................ 248 A 5.1.2 Yardstick Unit Cost and Calculated Unit Cost ............................................................ 249 A 5.2 Comparison between Japan and India ......................................................................... 259 A 5.2.1 Personnel Cost and Expenses ....................................................................................... 259 A 5.2.2 Division-wise Costs of Management, Upkeep and Control Used in This Study ....... 263 Appendix 6 Improvement of the Convenience of Urban Railways ............................. 265 A 6.1 Train Operations ............................................................................................................ 265 A 6.1.1 Urban Railways .............................................................................................................. 265 A 6.1.2 Safe and Stable Transport ............................................................................................. 266 A 6.2 Passenger Service........................................................................................................... 269 A 6.2.1 Interline Transport ........................................................................................................ 269 A 6.2.2 Tickets and Fare Charging Systems ............................................................................. 271 A 6.2.3 Safety Control ................................................................................................................. 272 Appendix 7 Location of Offices Required for O&M ..................................................... 274 A 7.1 Location of Offices Required for O&M ......................................................................... 274 Appendix 8 Undertakings in the UK by a Japanese Enterprise ................................ 277 A 8.1 Long-term rolling stock maintenance services ............................................................ 277 A 8.2 Incorporation of rolling stock operating companies with the investment of a Japanese rolling stock manufacturer ...................................................................................................................................... 281 Appendix 9 Amendments required in Metro and related Acts ................................... 283 A 9.1 Existing Provisions and Need for Amendment ............................................................ 283 A 9.2 Amendments ................................................................................................................... 284 2 Chapter 1 General issues for the management of urban railways 1.1 Introduction (1) Problems of urban transport Concentration of population and economic activities into large cities poses confusion in housing, transport, medicine, welfare, education and environment across the world, against which action has been taken in various fields such as those of architecture, urban planning, environment, sociology, economics and transport. In particular, problems related to urban traffic have become increasingly serious as motorization progresses to hinder normal urban activities while augmenting traffic congestion/accidents and degrading convenience in mobility simultaneously. Problems of urban traffic are classified into the following four categories1. i) Traffic congestion Crowdedness in public transport facilities in the morning/evening and traffic jams caused by road vehicles on urban roads ii) (B) Traffic accidents Collisions between (1) automobiles, two-wheelers, bicycles and other transport means, (2) such transport means and pedestrians, as a result of increases in the traffic volume, (3) trains and (4) trains and road vehicles on crossings. iii) (C) Environmental deterioration by traffic Air pollution, noise and vibration due to automobile emission, sights destroyed by viaducts and right to sunshine problems, etc. iv) (D) Deterioration of public transport (1) Losses in speed and punctuality/order of buses/street cars caused by congestion of road traffic, (2) resultant loss in reliability, (3) further increases in private automobiles, (4) decreases in public transport users, stagnation caused by