Umer Khayyam What (Not) Advances Effective Community-Driven Development? A Socio-economic & Politico-Cultural Analysis of the Pashtun Ethnic Society of FATA, Pakistan. 2016 What (Not) Advances Effective Community-Driven Development? A Socio-economic & Politico-Cultural Analysis of the Pashtun Ethnic Society of FATA Pakistan Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades im Fachbereich Politikwissenschaft der Philosophischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster Germany vorgelegt von Umer Khayyam aus Abbottabad, Pakistan - 2016 - Dekanin/Dekan: Prof. Dr. Martin Bonsen Vorsitzende/ Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Oliver Treib Erste Gutachterin/ Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Markus Lederer Zweite Gutachterin/ Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hanns Wienold Tag der mündlichen Prüfung(Disputation): 23.05.2016 Tag der Promotion: ...................................... Table of Contents Title Page List of Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------- III List of Tables --------------------------------------------------------------------- IV Acronyms ------------------------------------------------------------------------- V Acknowledgement --------------------------------------------------------------- VI Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------- VII Deutsche Zusammenfassung --------------------------------------------------- VIII Chapter 1 Introduction: Setting the Scene ------------------------------------ 09 1.1 Problem Statement ----------------------------------------------------- 12 1.2 Study Area & Study Population -------------------------------------- 15 1.2.1 Socio-demographic Background of the Respondents --- 16 1.2.2 Political and Administrative Structure of FATA -------- 20 1.3 Thesis Contribution ---------------------------------------------------- 21 1.4 Hypotheses’ Development & Objectives --------------------------- 22 1.5 Analytical Framework & Research Methodology ----------------- 23 1.6 Understanding the Thesis’s Concepts and Working Definitions- 31 1.7 Thesis’s Organization ------------------------------------------------- 32 Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework & CDD Approach’s Outline -------- 34 Introduction 2.1 Philosophy of Post-Development Theory --------------------------- 36 2.1.1 Inauguration of New Era: Alternative to Development - 39 2.1.2 Local Culture & Alternative to Development ------------ 42 2.1.3 Question of Legitimate Power Rule ----------------------- 45 2.1.4 Critics of Post-Development Thought --------------------- 48 2.2 Societal Knowledge: Understanding the Matrix ------------------- 54 2.2.1 Contending Voices: CDD & Local Cultural Milieu ----- 55 2.2.2 Women’s Voices in CDD and Islamic World ------------ 58 2.3 People’s Participation: An anti Top-Down aesthetic order ------- 62 2.3.1 From Trickle-Down to Participation ----------------------- 66 2.3.2 From Participation to Empowerment & Beyond --------- 69 2.4 Local Political Structure & CDD ------------------------------------ 71 2.4.1 Risk of & Response to -Elite Capture --------------------- 72 2.5 CDD & the Question of its Validity --------------------------------- 78 2.5.1 Socio-Economic Needs & Strategy’s Suitability -------- 78 2.5.2 Risk of Elite Capture & & Strategy’s Suitability -------- 84 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------- 85 Chapter 3 Pashtun Social System & CDD Approach: Definitions and Discourse ------------------------------------------- 88 Introduction 3.1 Pashtun Tribal Culture – Pashtunwali & CDD Initiatives ------- 91 3.1.1 Pashtunwali & Shari’a Law --------------------------------- 94 3.2 Tenants of Pashtunwali & Facilitating Factors -------------------- 108 3.3 Tribal Economic System & CDD Strategy ------------------------- 118 3.3.1 Local Resources & Contribution --------------------------- 120 3.4 Local Intangible Contribution for FATA Development ---------- 125 Conclusion -------------------------------------------------------------- 128 Chapter 4 Tribal Political System & Subsequent of Elite Capture ------ 132 Introduction 4.1 FATA Development Programs – History & Current Scenario -- 134 4.1.1 Current Status of FATA Development -------------------- 138 4.2 CDD Approach & Tribal Political Structure ----------------------- 140 4.2.1 Political Hierarchy & Power Breakdown ----------------- 143 4.2.1.1 Hierarchy in Resource Hijack --------------------- 148 4.3 Local Elites, Sensitization & Community Participation ---------- 149 4.3.1 Local Elites & Hijack of the Participation Process ------ 150 4.3.1.1 Local Elites & Participation in Planning --------- 152 4.3.1.2 Local Elites & Tribal Jirga Coordination -------- 154 4.3.2 Local Elites as Representatives & Needs’ Awareness -- 158 4.3.3 Local Concern on Projects Proposed by Elites ---------- 161 4.4 Local Perspective of Actual Participation -------------------------- 163 4.4.1 Tribal Elders & Jirga as Participatory Means ------------ 165 4.4.2 Individuals as Participatory Agents ----------------------- 167 4.5 Counter Effects of Local Non-/Participation on Programs’ Rejection & Success ------------------------------------------------- 170 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------- 173 Chapter 5 Conclusion: Finding a Way Forward ---------------------------- 176 Introduction 5.1 Main Conclusions ----------------------------------------------------- 177 5.1.1 Socio-Economic System and CDD Approach ----------- 177 5.1.2 Political Structure, Elite Capture & Response ----------- 180 5.2 Theoretical Implications ---------------------------------------------- 183 5.3 Applied Framework --------------------------------------------------- 188 5.4 Scope for Further Research ------------------------------------------ 192 5.5 Conclusion of the Conclusions -------------------------------------- 193 Appendix A. Questionnaire ---------------------------------------------------------- 194 Appendix B. FATA Maps ------------------------------------------------------------ 197 Bibliography ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 198 List of Figures Figure 2.1: Participatory Dimensions – A Framework ----------------------------------------- 57 Figure 2.2: Participation Process in Rural Development -------------------------------------- 67 Figure 2.3: Elite and Benevolent Capture ------------------------------------------------------- 75 Figure 2.4: CDD Paradigm ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 Figure 3.1: Overlap of Pashtunwali and Shari’a law ------------------------------------------- 94 Figure 3.2: Local Perception of Prior Understanding of Pashtun Culture ------------------- 102 Figure 3.3: Respecting Pashtun Culture vs. Level of Trust & Cooperation ---------------- 104 Figure 3.4: Pashtun Culture & Level of Trust and Cooperation ----------------------------- 105 Figure 3.5: Non-Compliance with Pashtunwali & Expulsion of Person and Project ------ 106 Figure 3.6: Melmestia & Level of Trust and Cooperation ------------------------------------- 110 Figure 3.7: Badal for Justice and Social Control ------------------------------------------------ 115 Figure 3.8: Badal Against Dishonest Person and Activity -------------------------------------- 117 Figure 3.9: Area Wise Economic Contribution in Area’s Development --------------------- 122 Figure 3.10: Economic Status and Local Economic contribution ----------------------------- 124 Figure 3.11: Employment-Status Wise Local Intangible Contribution ---------------------- 126 Figure 4.1: Locals’ Satisfaction on Coordination Facilities by Local Elites ---------------- 151 Figure 4.2: Local Representation in Project Planning and Implementation ----------------- 152 Figure 4.3: Local Elites & Consultation with Tribal Jirga ------------------------------------- 157 Figure 4.4: Maliks & PAs/DCOs Consultation with Local Jirga ----------------------------- 164 Figure 4.5: Local Individuals’ Non-Inclusion & Projects’ Failure --------------------------- 171 Figure 4.6: Local Individuals’ Inclusion & Projects’ Success -------------------------------- 172 Figure 5.1: Thesis’ Applied Framework ---------------------------------------------------------- 190 III List of Tables Table 1.1: Socio-Economic and Geographical backgrounds of the Respondents ----------- 16 Table 1.2: Age & Education Level in Whole FATA -------------------------------------------- 16 Table 1.3: Education Level & Employment Status in Whole FATA ------------------------- 17 Table 1.4: Zone-wise gender distribution of the Respondents --------------------------------- 18 Table 1.5: Zone-wise Age distribution of the Respondents ------------------------------------ 18 Table 1.6: Zone-wise Education distribution of the Respondents ----------------------------- 19 Table 1.7: Zone-wise Employment distribution of the Respondents ------------------------- 19 Table 3.1: Importance of Pashtunwali for Pashtun Tribes ------------------------------------- 96 Table 3.2: Pashtunwali & Modern Social Development Programs --------------------------- 100 Table 3.3: Education Level & importance of understanding Pashtunwali by outsiders --- 102 Table 3.4: Non-compliance with Pashtunwali & Expulsion of person and project --------- 106 Table 3.5: Desired of external help by the locals to initiate projects -------------------------- 112 Table 3.6: Badal as Revenge: perception per age ----------------------------------------------- 115 Table 3.7: Badal & Its Implications in Different