Municipal Solid Waste in Ukraine: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL Scenarios for developing the municipal solid waste management sector In partnership with This material was prepared by the International Finance Corporation (IFC, World Bank Group). The opinions and conclusions contained in this report do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Board of Directors of the World Bank or its Executive Directors. IFC does not guarantee the accuracy of the data within this report and bears no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of using these data. The development of this Report was based on a Municipal Solid Waste sector modelling study conducted by IFC in 2012-2013. The modelling data used was from the period of 2011-2012. The study was reviewed and enhanced in 2013-early 2015 and now reflects changes in the Ukrainian MSW regula- tory landscape that were gradually introduced from 2013 and to the begin- ning of 2015. 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For questions about this report, including requests to reprint parts of the report or information about ordering additional copies, please contact IFC: 1 Dniprovskyi Uzviz Kyiv 01010, Ukraine Telephone: +380 44 4906400 Fax: +380 44 4906420 www.ifc.org/ukraine 2 Municipal Solid Waste in Ukraine: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL SCENARIOS FOR DEVELOPING THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR Final Report 3 Acknowledgments This report was prepared by a team of IFC, World Bank Group experts, including Kristina Turilova, Denis Obarcanin, Aleksander Larionov, Nadezhda Ryazanova, James Michelsen, Dmytro Kryshchenko, Maria Kuznetsova, Wolfram Rehbock, and Nataliya Vasylyeva as part of the IFC Ukraine Resource Efficiency Program. The Program is implemented in partnership with the Free State of Saxony (Germany), the Finnish Ministry of Employment and Economy, the Agency for Inter- national Business Cooperation within the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. We wish to express our deep gratitude to the following experts, who made a significant contribution to the successful completion of this report*: • Alexander Ryabokonenko, Director of CECA; • André Rodinkoff, Director, Remondis LLC; • Bogdan Balasinovich, Deputy Director, NGO “Chystyi gorod” (“Clean City”); • Charles Peterson, independent expert on waste management; • Dmitry Radionov, Director, state-owned enterprise “Ukrecoresoursy”; • Evert Vermaut, Project Manager, Ecorem p.l.c.; • Sergey Kiral, Head of the Foreign Economic Relations and Investment Office, Lviv City Council; • Stefan Helsen, Director, Ecorem p.l.c.; • Stefan Kresse, Director, Remondis-Ukraine LLC; • Vladimir Shevchuk, Deputy Mayor of Lviv city; • Yuriy Andriyenko, First Deputy Mayor of Mykolayiv city. * The list displayed in an alphabetical order. A job title and an employer are current as of the time the report was prepared. 4 Acronyms and Abbreviations BOT agreement — build-operate-transfer agreement is an agreement for construction of facilities with the subsequent transfer; CMU — Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; EPR — extended producer responsibility; EU — European Union; EU-12 — Central and Eastern European Countries and Cyprus that joined the EU after April 30, 2004;** EU-15 — countries that joined the EU before April 30, 2004; Eurostat — Statistical Office of the European Union; GDP — gross domestic product; GRP— gross regional product; HDPE — high-density polyethylene; IFC — International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group; JV — joint venture; LDPE — low-density polyethylene; MSW — municipal solid waste;*** MW — megawatt; NGO — non-governmental organization; NPO— non-profit organization; OECD — Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; PET — polyethylene terephthalate; PPP — public-private partnership; UNDP — United Nations Development Program. ** Croatia — the thirteenth country that joined the EU after April 30, 2004. However, having become a member as of July 1, 2013, it is not reflected in statistics of this report. Only EU-12 data are present in the analysis. *** This report uses the term “municipal solid waste” in accordance with the EU and OECD international practices, although under the Ukrainian law it should be ”household solid waste”. 5 Municipal Solid Waste in Ukraine: DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL SCENARIOS FOR DEVELOPING THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR CONTENT Introduction 8 Chapter1.AnalysisoftheCurrentSituationintheMSWManagement SectorinUkraineandAbroad 13 1.1. Trends in Waste Generation and Recycling/Disposal 13 1.2. Analysis of Legislative and Institutional Fundamentals of Waste Management in Ukraine 18 1.3. Analysis of MSW Management Abroad 36 Chapter2.AssessessmentofthePotentialoftheUkrainianMSW ManagementSectorUsingtheScenarioAnalysis 47 2.1. Establishing the Model’s Input Parameters Based on the European Experience 47 2.2. The Business-as-Usual and Innovative Development Scenarios of the MSW Management Sector in Ukraine 52 Chapter3.ChangesNeededtoEnsureInnovativeAdvancementoftheMSW SectorinUkraine 59 3.1. Main Vectors for Increasing Efficiency of the MSW Management System 59 3.2. Phases and Procedures for Implementing a Sustainable MSW Management System 74 3.3. Sustainable Development in the MSW Management Sector 77 Conclusions 80 Recommendations 82 Appendix1| 88 Appendix2| 90 Appendix3| 98 6 Over 13 million tons of MSW is generated annually in Ukraine. More than 95% is sent to landfills and dumps. Over 15% of waste disposal facilities are overloaded and fail to meet sanitary requirements. Possibilities to expand active landfills are largely limited. 7 Introduction 11–13 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated every year in Ukraine. A per capita annual volume constitutes about 300 kg with the significant difference observed between urban and rural areas. The growth in waste generation is linked to the increase in society welfare, given a correlation between dynamics of GDP per capita and specific waste generation. According to various sources, an MSW recycling level in Ukraine varies from 3 to 8 percent, while in the European Union countries it is up to 60 percent of MSW1. That said, more than 90 percent of MSW is forwarded to landfills and unauthorized dumps. According to official estimates, 10,000 ha2 of land is covered by approximately 6,700 landfills and dumps, though unofficial numbers may be even higher. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian Ministry of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Utilities estimates that at least 626 new landfills are needed2. Apart from occupying land resources, landfills also emit pollutants and greenhouse gases into atmo- sphere, surface soils, ground water and subsoil, adversely affecting plants and wild animals, and worsening the quality of life in nearby residential areas. Because of the lack of segregated collec- tion and removal of waste containing toxic components, environmental contamination with hazardous substances is growing. Until recently the economic aspect was not a decisive factor in defining a governmental strategy for waste management. However, the missed economic benefit from unsustainable management is quite significant. In 2011, UNDP3 estimated a potential revenue from utilization of paper at 180 million UAH, metals — at 225 million UAH and plastic — at 740 million UAH per year. The economic effect might reach 1.3 billion UAH (€130 million as of 2011), in view of heat and electric energy generation. Since the 2000s, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (CMU) has passed a number of legislative and regulative acts aimed at making the waste management policy more systemic and achieving two objectives, namely, to decrease the negative environmental impact and enhance resource and energy efficiency. 1) The continuously refined Law “On Waste”4 and the most recent program on MSW management5 focus on development of recycling technologies and minimization of volumes of disposed waste. The Law prohibits disposal of non-recycled waste on landfills starting from January 1, 2018. 2) The new rules for MSW management6 oblige local authorities and citizens to organize segregated waste collection. Respective fines for households were introduced in 2013. 3) Decisions have been made by the CMU on obliging manufacturers of packaged goods to arrange for return and recycling of packages; in addition, respective targets were defined7 (35 percent package utilization starting from 2011). 1 Eurostat data. 2 Status of the Ukrainian Household Waste Management Sector in 2013. Ukrainian Ministry of Regional Development, Construction, Housing and Utilities, as of March 24, 2014. 3 UNDP report “Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems”, 2011. 4 Law of Ukraine No. 187/98-VR of March 05, 1998, “On Waste”. 5 CMU’s Resolution No. 265 of March 04, 2004, “On Approval of the MSW Management Program”. 6 CMU’s Resolution No. 1070 of October 12, 2008, “On Adoption of the Procedure for Municipal Waste Transportation Rate-Setting”. 7 CMU’s Resolution No. 915 of June 26, 2001,