For more details log onto our website: www.fermentor.co.in Industrial fermentation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations a to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi to make products useful to humans. Fermented products have applications as food as well as in general industry. Contents [hide] 1 Food fermentation 2 Pharmaceuticals and the biotechnology industry o 2.1 Nutrient sources for industrial fermentation 3 Sewage disposal o 3.1 Phases of microbial growth 4 See also 5 References 6 External links [Edit]Food fermentation Main article: Fermentation (food) Ancient fermented food processes, such as making bread, wine, cheese, curds, idli, dosa, etc., can be dated to more than 6,000 years ago. They were developed long before man had any knowledge of the existence of the microorganisms involved. Fermentation is also a powerful economic incentive for semi-industrialized countries, in their willingness to produce bio-ethanol. [Edit]Pharmaceuticals and the biotechnology industry There are 5 major groups of commercially important fermentation: 1. Microbial cells or biomass as the product, e.g. single cell protein, bakers yeast, lactobacillus, E. coli, etc. 2. Microbial enzymes: catalase, amylase, protease, pectinase, glucose isomerase, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, lactase, streptokinase, etc. 3. Microbial metabolites : 1. Primary metabolites – ethanol, citric acid, glutamic acid, lysine, vitamins, polysaccharides etc. 2. Secondary metabolites: all antibiotic fermentation 4. Recombinant products: insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, interferon, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, streptokinase 5. Biotransformations: phenylacetylcarbinol, steroid biotransformation, etc. [edit]Nutrient sources for industrial fermentation Growth media are required for industrial fermentation, since any microbe requires water, (oxygen), an energy source, a carbon source, a nitrogen source and micronutrients for growth. Carbon & energy source + nitrogen source + O2 + other requirements → Biomass + Product + byproducts + CO2 + H2O + heat Nutrient Raw material Carbon Glucose corn sugar, starch, cellulose Sucrose sugarcane, sugar beet molasses glycerol Starch Maltodextrine Lactose milk whey fats vegetable oils Hydrocarbons petroleum fractions Nitrogen Protein soybean meal, corn steep liquor, distillers' solubles pure ammonia or ammonium salts Ammonia urea Nitrate nitrate salts Phosphorus source phosphate salts Vitamins and growth factors Yeast, Yeast extract Wheat germ meal, cotton seed meal Beef extract Corn steep liquor Trace elements: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co Antifoaming agents : Esters, fatty acids, fats, silicones, sulfonates, polypropylene glycol Buffers: Calcium carbonate, phosphates Growth factors: Some microorganisms cannot synthesize the required cell components themselves and need to be supplemented, e.g. with thiamine, biotin, calcium pentothenate Precursors: Directly incorporated into the desired product: phenethylamine into benzyl penicillin, phenyl acetic acid into penicillin G Inhibitors: To get the specific products: e.g. sodium barbital for rifamycin Inducers: The majority of the enzymes used in industrial fermentation are inducible and are synthesized in response of inducers: e.g. starch for amylases, maltose for pollulanase, pectin forpectinase. Chelators: Chelators are the chemicals used to avoid the precipitation of metal ions. Chelators like EDTA, citric acid, polyphosphates are used in low concentrations. [edit]Sewage disposal Main article: Sewage disposal In the process of sewage disposal, sewage is digested by enzymes secreted by bacteria. Solid organic matters are broken down into harmless, soluble substances and carbon dioxide. Liquids that result are disinfected to remove pathogens before being discharged into rivers or the sea or can be used as liquid fertilizers. Digested solids, known also as sludge, is dried and used as fertilizer. Gaseous byproducts such as methane can be utilized as biogas to fuel generators. One advantage of bacterial digestion is that it reduces the bulk and odour of sewage, thus reducing space needed for dumping, on the other hand, a major disadvantage of bacterial digestion in sewage disposal is that it is a very slow process. [edit]Phases of microbial growth When a particular organism is introduced into a selected growth medium, the medium is inoculated with the particular organism. Growth of the inoculum does not occur immediately, but takes a little while. This is the period of adaptation, called the lag phase. Following the lag phase, the rate of growth of the organism steadily increases, for a certain period--this period is the log or exponential phase. After a certain time of exponential phase, the rate of growth slows down, due to the continuously falling concentrations of nutrients and/or a continuously increasing (accumulating) concentrations of toxic substances. This phase, where the increase of the rate of growth is checked, is the deceleration phase. After the deceleration phase, growth ceases and the culture enters a stationary phase or a steady state. The biomass remains constant, except when certain accumulated chemicals in the culture lyse the cells (chemolysis). Unless other micro-organisms contaminate the culture, the chemical constitution remains unchanged. Mutation of the organism in the culture can also be a source of contamination, called internal contamination. [edit]See also . Fed-batch . Chemostat . Industrial microbiology . Food microbiology [edit]References This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2012) . Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, J.E. Bailey and P.F. Ollis, McGraw Hill Publication . Principles of Fermentation Technology, Stansbury, P.F., A. Whitaker and S.J. Hall, 1997 . Penicillin: A Paradigm for Biotechnology, Richard I Mateles, ISBN 1-891545-01-9 [edit]External links . Food Biotechnology . Biotechnology and Bioengineering . Journal of Fermentation Technology Fed-batch From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007) Fed-batch reactor symbol A fed-batch is a biotechnological batch process which is based on feeding of a growth limiting nutrient substrate to a culture. The fed-batch strategy is typically used in bio-industrial processes to reach a high cell density in the bioreactor. Mostly the feed solution is highly concentrated to avoid dilution of the bioreactor. The controlled addition of the nutrient directly affects the growth rate of the culture and helps to avoid overflow metabolism (formation of side metabolites, such as acetate for Escherichia coli, lactic acid in cell cultures, ethanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae), oxygen limitation (anaerobiosis). The graph shows the principle of a substrate limited fed-batch cultivation with an initial batch phase. After consumption of the initial substrate a continuous feed of this substrate is started. Substrate limitation offers the possibility to control the reaction rates to avoid technological limitations connected to the cooling of the reactor and oxygen transfer. Substrate limitation also allows the metabolic control, to avoid osmotic effects, catabolite repression and overflow metabolism of side products. Different strategies can be used to control the growth in a fed-batch process: Control Parameter Control Principle DOT (pO2) DOstat (DOT= constant), F~DOT Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) OUR=constant, F~OUR Glucose on-line measurement of glucose (FIA), glucose=constant Acetate on-line measurement of acetate (FIA), acetate=constant pH (pHstat) F~pH (acidification is connected to high glucose) Ammonia on-line measurement of ammonia (FIA), ammonia=constant Temperature T adapted according to OUR or pO2 Chemostat From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Stirred bioreactor operated as a chemostat, with a continuous inflow (the feed) and outflow (the effluent). The rate of medium flow is controlled to keep the culture volume constant. A chemostat (from Chemical environment is static) is a bioreactor to which fresh medium is continuously added, while culture liquid is continuously removed to keep the culture volume constant.[1][2] By changing the rate with which medium is added to the bioreactor the growth rate of themicroorganism can be easily controlled. Contents [hide] 1 Operation o 1.1 Steady State o 1.2 Dilution Rate o 1.3 Maximal growth rate 2 Applications o 2.1 Research o 2.2 Industry 3 Concerns 4 Variations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links [edit]Operation [edit]Steady State One of the most important features of chemostats is that micro-organisms can be grown in a physiological steady state. In steady state, growth occurs at a constant rate and all culture parameters remain constant (culture volume, dissolved oxygen concentration, nutrient and product concentrations, pH, cell density, etc.). In addition environmental conditions can be controlled by the experimenter. [3] Micro- organisms grown in chemostats naturally strive to steady state: if a low amount of cells are present in