FLUENCE AND FLUENCE Z.E. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT RENAULT 2011 FLUENCE and FLUENCE Z.E. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OCTOBER 2011 CONFIDENTIAL RENAULT DRIVE THE CHANGE 1 FLUENCE AND FLUENCE Z.E. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT RENAULT 2011 SUMMARY I Introduction/Context ..........................................................................................8 II Goal and scope of the study ........................................................................ 10 II.1 Goal of the study ...................................................................................... 10 II.1.1 Life cycle assessment of the Renault group ......................................................... 10 II.1.2 Intended opportunities .......................................................................................... 10 II.1.3 Limitations ............................................................................................................ 11 II.1.4 Reasons for carrying out the study and decision-context ...................................... 11 II.1.5 Targeted audience ............................................................................................... 12 II.1.6 Comparative studies to be disclosed to the public ................................................ 12 II.1.7 Commissioner of the study and other influential actors ......................................... 12 II.2 Scope definition ....................................................................................... 12 II.2.1 Product’s definition : Renault Fluence models ...................................................... 13 II.2.2 Functional unit ...................................................................................................... 15 II.2.3 System’s boundaries ............................................................................................ 15 II.2.3.1 Cutoff criteria for initial inclusion of incoming (consumption) or outgoing (emissions) ...............................................................................................................16 II.2.3.2 System modeling ......................................................................................16 II.2.3.3 Production ................................................................................................18 II.2.3.4 Fuel production ........................................................................................19 II.2.3.5 Electricity production ................................................................................20 II.2.3.6 Logistics ...................................................................................................20 II.2.3.7 Use ..........................................................................................................20 II.2.3.8 End of life .................................................................................................21 II.2.3.9 Li-ion battery End of life ............................................................................22 II.2.3.10 System context ........................................................................................24 III Life Cycle Inventory Analysis ...................................................................... 27 III.1 Data collection : Methods and procedures ............................................ 27 III.2 Vehicle’s description ............................................................................... 27 III.3 Vehicles’ composition ............................................................................. 28 III.3.1 Simplified pattern ................................................................................................. 28 III.3.2 Reference vehicle material composition ............................................................... 29 III.3.2.1 Material composition from disassembly source ........................................29 III.3.2.2 Modelling choices .....................................................................................29 III.3.2.3 Studied models’ composition. ...................................................................30 III.3.2.4 Materials overview ...................................................................................31 III.4 Factories and logistic .............................................................................. 33 III.4.1 Factories .............................................................................................................. 33 III.4.1.1 Supply chain ............................................................................................33 III.4.1.2 Renault’s factories ....................................................................................33 III.4.2 Logistics ............................................................................................................... 34 III.5 Use ............................................................................................................. 35 III.5.1 Use: fuel and electricity production ....................................................................... 35 III.5.2 Use : Car use phase ............................................................................................ 35 III.5.3 NEDC Cycle (New European Driving Cycle) ........................................................ 36 CONFIDENTIAL RENAULT 2 FLUENCE AND FLUENCE Z.E. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT RENAULT 2011 III.5.4 Use : Maintenance ............................................................................................... 36 III.5.5 Use: Electric consumption and regenerative brakes ............................................. 37 III.6 End of life .................................................................................................. 37 III.7 Quality of data .......................................................................................... 40 III.8 Overview of assumptions and definitions for the Life Cycle Assessment ......................................................................................................... 42 IV Life Cycle Impact Assessment .................................................................... 45 IV.1 Indicators chosen for this study ............................................................. 45 IV.2 indicators not chosen .............................................................................. 48 IV.2.1 Human toxicity...................................................................................................... 48 IV.2.1.1 Particles (PM10).......................................................................................48 IV.2.1.2 Carcinogens substances ..........................................................................48 IV.2.2 Water consumption .............................................................................................. 49 IV.2.3 Road safety .......................................................................................................... 49 IV.2.4 Waste quantity ..................................................................................................... 50 IV.2.5 Noise .................................................................................................................... 50 IV.2.6 Non-exhaust emissions ........................................................................................ 51 IV.3 Impacts Assessment ................................................................................ 52 IV.3.1 Reference case scenarii results ........................................................................... 52 IV.3.2 Normalisation ....................................................................................................... 62 IV.3.3 Results analysis ................................................................................................... 63 IV.3.3.1 Abiotic depletion (ADP) ............................................................................64 IV.3.3.2 Acidification potential(AP) ........................................................................67 IV.3.3.3 Eutrophication potential (EP) ....................................................................70 IV.3.3.4 Global warming potential (GWP) ..............................................................73 IV.3.3.5 Photochemical ozone creation potential ...................................................76 V Interpretation and sensitivity analysis ........................................................ 81 V.1 Considering factories ? ........................................................................... 81 V.1.1 Factories mass ..................................................................................................... 81 V.1.2 Impact calculation ................................................................................................ 81 V.2 Factories allocations ................................................................................ 83 V.3 Supply chain transport ............................................................................ 83 V.4 Customer driving cycle ............................................................................ 84 V.4.1 Customer driving cycle ......................................................................................... 84 V.5 HC additional source ............................................................................... 87 V.5.1 Problematic .......................................................................................................... 87 V.5.2 Hypotheses and calculations ...............................................................................