Voices of Democracy 4 (2009): 120‐131 Spring & Packer 120 GEORGE W. BUSH, "AN ADDRESS TO A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE" (20 September 2001) Sarah E. Spring and Joseph Clayton Packer Wake Forest University Abstract: George W. Bush's speech before a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, outlined how the nation would respond to the terrorist attacks of September 11. President Bush outlined a bold plan of action, framing the issue in antithetical terms‐‐as a war between good and evil. This framing helped account for the strong public support Bush initially enjoyed as he pushed for congressional approval of his policies in the war on terror. Key Words: George W. Bush, September 11, Al‐Qaeda, terrorism, Afghanistan, Iraq, USA Patriot Act George W. Bush's first term as president of the United States was defined by the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Nineteen members of Al‐Qaeda hijacked four commercial jets and flew two of them into the World Trade Center in New York, another into the Pentagon, and the fourth—supposedly destined for the White House or the Capitol building—crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. The sudden, unexpected nature of the attack and the mass casualties that resulted shocked the American public. Nine days later, on September 20, 2001, President Bush delivered a speech before a joint session of Congress, outlining how America would respond to the terrorist attacks. President Bush captured the mood of the nation and outlined a bold plan of action in this pivotal address. The speech evoked the still vivid memories of the week‐old attack and framed the conflict in starkly antithetical ways, laying the groundwork for a dramatic response. In particular, the speech made heavy use of antitheses throughout, including the now famous line directed toward the world's nations: "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists" (30).1 This rhetorical tactic helped build support for major policy initiatives like the USA Patriot Act, as well for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. By depicting the war on terrorism as a conflict between good and evil, Bush sketched a rhetorical blueprint for all of his administration's subsequent actions. This essay will first consider the historical and political antecedents to the speech, then analyze the speech itself and its repercussions. The Bush Presidency—Before 9/11 The Bush presidency started on unstable footing. The election in 2000 between Bush and Vice‐President Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history. The drama of the election was on full display as Bush and Gore struggled over Florida's electoral votes—the winner of that state would win the presidency, even though Gore had won the popular vote. After a Sarah E. Spring & Joseph Clayton Packer Last Updated: January 2009 Copyright © 2009 (Sarah E. Spring & Joseph Clayton Packer). Voices of Democracy, ISSN #1932‐9539. Available at http://www.voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/. Voices of Democracy 4 (2009): 120‐131 Spring & Packer 121 protracted legal battle, Bush was declared the 42nd president of the United States. Writing in the American Prospect, political commentator Kevin Phillips expressed the feelings of many as he labeled the newly elected president "His Fraudulency."2 Bush's first Inaugural Address was a relatively short speech. The speech centered around the theme of reconciliation, as Bush tried to establish his legitimacy despite his narrow victory. Even though the Republicans controlled the House of Representatives, they controlled only fifty seats in the U.S. Senate, so the cooperation of Democrats would be critical to the success of Bush's agenda. Bush's Inaugural Address emphasized the shared ideals, values, and heritage of all Americans in an effort to reach out to Democrats. He even complimented challenger Al Gore for conceding the election "with grace," which communicated to other Democrats that they ought to do the same.3 The Washington Post reported that Bush's "eloquent speech focused primarily on the overriding reality that confronts him, which is the need to provide reassurance to, and find common ground with, his opponents if his presidency is to succeed."4 The speech also identified several issues at the top of his agenda, including educational reform, a new weapons system, and support for religious charities. The first months of Bush's presidency brought a mixture of good and bad news for the new chief executive. In September, MSNBC reported that his approval rating stood at 55 percent.5 Yet the economy was doing poorly by many accounts, with the New York Times reporting on September 10 that the economic growth rate had dropped 4.5 percent over the last year and that unemployment had increased a full percentage point, raising concerns about a possible recession.6 Bush also was criticized for being the "vacation president,"7 as he spent a large part of his first summer in office at his ranch outside of Crawford, Texas. On Face the Nation, Dan Balz observed that the Democrats were trying to "remind people that George W. Bush was not working as hard as the American people might have wanted him to work."8 To make matters worse, James Jeffords, a Republican Senator from Vermont, switched his party affiliation to Independent on May 24, 2001, thereby giving control of the Senate to the Democrats. On the more positive side, the president's Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act passed both the House and Senate by a comfortable margin. The president also had success building a bipartisan coalition behind his proposals for educational reform.9 In addition, the president made significant progress in calming tensions with Russia over his plans to build a missile defense system.10 Only nine months after taking office, however, the president's domestic and international agenda was radically altered by the events of September 11, 2001. The attacks of September 11th would forever define the presidential legacy of George W. Bush. The Bush Presidency—After 9/11 The days following the September 11 attacks were chaotic as the world tried to come to terms with how this monumental event would shape the future. The Democrats had been planning a major political offensive for September 12, designed to criticize the president for his tax cuts. Instead of bickering on the floor of Congress, House Minority Leader Richard Gephardt and House Speaker Dennis Hastert spent September 12 beneath the Capitol in a reinforced bunker, which was more time than they had spent together in the previous two years.11 This Voices of Democracy 4 (2009): 120‐131 Spring & Packer 122 national crisis produced a bond that extended beyond those directly in danger; across the country, Americans joined together in solemn prayer and displays of patriotism. With the exception of isolated street celebrations in a few countries, the response from the global community to the attacks was generally supportive of the United States. The French newspaper Le Monde's headline was "Nous sommes tous Américains" ("We are all Americans").12 For the first time, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a defense alliance made up of twenty‐six nations from North America and Europe, invoked Article 5, which binds members to regard an attack on one as an attack on all of the member nations. The European Union announced a summit on terrorism to be held on September 21.13 And Russian President Vladimir Putin personally called off military exercises as an expression of solidarity.14 The world thus offered a show of emotional and political support of the United States that was unmatched in recent memory. On September 14, President Bush made his first public appearance after the attacks by attending a prayer service at the Washington National Cathedral. Bush instructed his aides to include leaders of all the major faiths and denominations in the service.15 That same day, Bush traveled to New York and spoke from the top of a crushed fire truck to a gathering of clergy and rescue workers. Responding to a rescue worker who could not hear, the president said: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon!"16 This message of action was seized upon by Americans, uncertain of their future and eager to strike back at the forces responsible for the devastation. Bush's popularity skyrocketed; his job approval rose from approximately fifty‐five percent to eighty‐ four percent. Seven in ten Americans now were saying President Bush was a strong leader, including 55 percent of Democrats.17 On September 18, White House counselor Karen P. Hughes instructed speechwriters Michael Gerson, Matthew Scully, and John McConnell, to begin working on what would become Bush's speech before the Joint Session of Congress.18 The next two days were spent making numerous alterations to the speech and consulting with Britain's Prime Minister Tony Blair, who had flown to the United States in the aftermath of the attacks. Bush discussed with Blair and his National Security Council the importance of capitalizing on American patriotism and pro‐ American sentiment around the world. The newspapers outlined the enormous expectations placed on the speech. Hillary Rodham Clinton, the Democratic Senator from New York and former first lady, extended her support in advance of the speech. Speaker of the House, Dennis Hastert, told the American public that the speech would outline the U.S. response to the attacks. George Stephanopoulos, an ABC news correspondent and former Democratic political advisor, called it "the speech of his life"—the kind that only happens "a handful of times in our history."19 When President Bush delivered the speech to a joint session of Congress on September 20, 2001, eighty million American television viewers tuned in.20 The next day several major newspapers, including the New York Times, included the full transcript of the historic address.