Population and human development indicators of UMkhanyakude District Municipality By Malusi Wisdom Mkhize 207520666 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Population Studies College of Humanities School of Built Environment, Development and Population Studies University Of KwaZulu-Natal Howard College Durban Supervisor: Ms. Nompumelelo Nzimande July 2018 COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES Declaration I, Malusi Wisdom Mkhize, declare that: (i) The research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. (ii) This dissertation has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. (iii) This dissertation does not contain other person’s data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledge as being sourced from other persons. (iv) This dissertation does not contain other person’s writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: (a) Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced (b) Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. (v) This dissertation does not contain text, graphics, or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the dissertation and in the References sections. Signed ……………………………………… i Acknowledgements Importantly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and acknowledge persons who contributed towards the success of completing the dissertation. The people I would like to single out, as follows, made the journey possible: (i) The Lord Almighty for His marvelous grace and wisdom throughout and beyond. (ii) My supervisor, Ms. Nompumelelo Nzimande for her undying commitment, remarks, guidance and support. This work would have been impossible without her. (iii) A special thanks goes to my families; the Mathenjwa and Mkhize, siblings; Bhudas, Khwezi, Mphiwe, Nontando, Nkazi, Nhlanzeko, and in particularly my mother N.Z. Mathenjwa for her continued support and prayers. My dad and Punu, thank you for being there for me, and in good wishing. Lubanzi, thank you so much, and God bless. (iv) All staff members and students of Howard College campus have given me optimism. ii Acronyms . AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome . ARVs Antiretroviral . BRICKS Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa . CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing . CEB Child Ever Born . CS2016 Community Survey 2016 . DOB Date Of Birth . DTT Demographic Transition Theory . ECD Early Childhood Development . GDI Gender Development Index . GDP Gross Domestic Product . GNI Gross National Income . HDI Human Development Index . HDR Human Development Report . HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus . ICPD International Conference on Population and Development . KZN KwaZulu-Natal . LFS Labour Force Survey . MDGs Millennium Development Goals . NDP National Development Plan . SA South Africa . SDGs Sustainable Development Goals . SR Sex Ratio . Stats SA Statistics South Africa . TVET Technical Vocation Education and Training . UDM UMkhanyakude District Municipality . UN United Nations . UNDP United Nations Development Programme . UNISA University of South Africa iii Abstract Observing population and human development indicators is essential for excellent planning and proper distribution of resources. Central to all planning and development shall be the people at heart. The significance of understanding population dynamics and developmental capabilities play an influential role to the advancement of its citizens. Human development should be in relation to the set district, provincial, national and international standards. Hence, statistics and findings are important because they provide an understanding of both areas of challenges and achievements, thus a need for strategic planning. The objective of planning for development should be about and for the human advancement at its core and purpose. The District of Umkhanyakude is not immune from the challenges of poverty, unemployment and inequality. South Africa as a member state at the United Nations has subscribed to the established global agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs) with a time-frame of 15 years (which started in 2015 until 2030). The District has obligations to alleviate unemployment, poverty, inequality, and be pro-improved human living conditions. Developing programmes that ought to respond to the global set agenda needs to have time- frame, and measured. UMkhanyakude District remains one of municipalities in KZN that needs great investment of resources to better living conditions of its citizens. The population of UMkhanyakude remained relatively young. More than 50% of the population in the District is below the age of 35 years and women were the majority. Women and the youth bear much of high unemployment problem. The District racial composition was composed of all racial groups found in the country, which are, Black/African, Coloured, Indian/Asian, and White. The Black/African race constituted about 99% of the total sample data. Coloured, Indian and White race make almost 1% of the total sample. Female headed about 60% of household and their average age was above 65 years old. Moreover, 90% of average income received by the District comes from grants and subsidies. Most of the household in the District live on grants and subsidies. Income levels have increased since the dawn of democracy however remained low. High levels of educational attainment tend to be the key to unlock human potential and personal development. Investment in education and health infrastructure is important for a healthy population, in particular that is youthful and growing. This may positively contribute to increased skills and future workforce that can participate meaningfully to the economy of the District and provincially, as well as for the country as a whole. There was a relatively low educational attainment, especially for post matric qualifications. There was a considerable high number of people with no education at all, about 23% of the data sample. The study undertook a quantitative approach to explore the data. The sample data used came from community survey 2016, and UMkhanyakude had 47,179 sample data. The data was analysed using Stata 14 programme, and micro soft excel. The Community Survey 2016 (CS2016) data was used to explore population profile of the district. General demographic indicators presented the district population estimate by local municipalities, sex composition ratio, which was the number of males per 100 females. Population pyramids for the District over the years were included to better understand patterns of population dynamics by age and population group. iv Table of Contents Declaration................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. ii Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ iii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter One ............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction of the study ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives of the study .............................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research questions .................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Motivation of the Study ............................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Theoretical framework .............................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Organisation of the dissertation ............................................................................................. 10 Chapter Two ........................................................................................................................... 12 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Population size ......................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Population polices .................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Global overview ................................................................................................................ 19 2.3.2 Population policy in developing nations ......................................................................